tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12964152483060259922024-02-19T01:37:08.625-08:00Diary VeterinerCatatan harian seorang [calon] dokter hewanMuhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10840615217552522658noreply@blogger.comBlogger62125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1296415248306025992.post-25310560737714487122012-05-17T01:15:00.000-07:002012-05-17T01:15:16.065-07:00Tumor dan Spirocerca Lupi<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Learning
Objective</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan
pengertian dan macam-macam tumor!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
respon imun terhadap tumor?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan
tentang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Spirocerca lupi</i>!</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan
pengertian dan macam-macam tumor!</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Neoplasma </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ialah masa jaringan
yang abnormal, tumbuh berlebihan , tidak terkordinasi dengan jaringan normal
dan tumbuh terus- menerus meskipun rangsang yang menimbulkan telah hilang. Sel
neoplasma mengalami transformasi , oleh karena mereka terus- menerus membelah.
Pada neoplasma, proliferasi berlangsung terus meskipun rangsang yang memulainya
telah hilang. Proliferasi demikian disebut proliferasi neoplastik, yang
mempunyai sifat progresif,tidak bertujuan, tidak memperdulikan jaringan
sekitarnya,tidak ada hubungan dengan kebutuhan tubuh dan bersifat parasitic</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel neoplasma
bersifat parasitic dan pesaing sel atau jaringan normal atas kebutuhan
metabolismenya pada penderita yang berada dalam keadaan lemah . Neoplasma
bersifat otonom karena ukurannya meningkat terus. Proliferasi neoplastik
menimbulkan massa neoplasma, menimbulkan pembengkakan / benjolan pada jaringan
tubuh membentuk tumor</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
(Suwandono,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 2012</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">).</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><br />
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Klasifikasi atas dasar Sifat
Biologiknya </span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Atas dasar sifat biologiknya
tumor dapat dibedakan atas tumor yang bersifat jinak ( tumor jinak ) dan tumor
yang bersifat ganas (tumor ganas) dan tumor yang terletak antara jinak dan
ganas disebut “ Intermediate” (Suwandono, 2012).</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tumor
Jinak ( Benigna ) </span></i></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tumor jinak tumbuhnya lambat dan
biasanya mempunyai kapsul. Tidak tumbuh infiltratif, tidak merusak jaringan
sekitarnya dan tidak menimbulkan anak sebar pada tempat yang jauh. Tumor jinak
pada umumnya disembuhkan dengan sempurna kecuali yang mensekresi hormone atau
yang terletak pada tempat yang sangat penting, misalnya disumsum tulang
belakang yang dapat menimbulkan paraplesia atau pada saraf otak yang menekan
jaringan otak (Suwandono, 2012).</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tumor
ganas ( maligna ) </span></i></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tumor ganas pada umumnya tumbuh
cepat, infiltratif. Dan merusak <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jaringan
sekitarnya. Disamping itu dapat menyebar keseluruh tubuh melalui aliran limpe
atau aliran darah dan sering menimbulkan kematian (Suwandono, 2012).</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Intermediate
</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diantara
2 kelompok tumor jinak dan tumor ganas terdapat segolongan kecil tumor yang
mempunyai sifat invasive local tetapi kemampuan metastasisnya kecil.Tumor
demikian disebut tumor agresif local tumor ganas berderajat rendah. Sebagai
contoh ialah karsinoma sel basal kulit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
(Suwandono,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 2012</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Klasifikasi atas dasar asal sel /
jaringan ( histogenesis ) </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tumor
diklasifikasikan dan diberi nama atas dasar asal sel tumor yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1. Neoplasma berasal sel
totipoten </span></i></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sel totipoten ialah sel yang
dapat berdeferensiasi kedalam tiap jenis sel tubuh.Sebagai contoh ialah zigot
yang berkembang menjadi janin. Paling sering sel totipoten dijumpai pada gonad
yaitu sel germinal. Tumor sel germinal dapat berbentuk sebagai sel tidak
berdifensiasi, contohnya : Seminoma atau diseger minoma.Yang berdiferensiasi
minimal contohnya : karsinoma embrional, yang berdiferensiasi kejenis jaringan
termasuk trofobias misalnya chorio carcinoma. Dan yolk sac carcinoma. Yang
berdiferensiasi somatic adalah teratoma (Suwandono, 2012).</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2. Tumor sel embrional pluripoten</span></i></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sel embrional pluripoten dapat
berdiferensiasi kedalam berbagai jenis sel-sel dan sebagai tumor akan membentuk
berbagai jenis struktur alat tubuh. Tumor sel embrional pluripoten biasanya
disebut embiroma atau biastoma, misalnya retinobiastoma, hepatoblastoma,
embryonal rhbdomyosarcoma (Suwandono, 2012).</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3. Tumor sel yang berdiferensiasi
</span></i></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jenis sel dewasa yang berdiferensiasi,
terdapat dalam bentuk sel alat-lat tubuh pada kehidupan pot natal. Kebanyakan
tumor pada manusia terbentuk dari sel berdiferensiasi. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tata nama tumor ini merupakan
gabungan berbagai faktor yaitu perbedaan antara jinak dan ganas, asal sel epitel
dan mesenkim lokasi dan gambaran deskriptif lain (Suwandono, 2012).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
respon imun terhadap tumor?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sel kanker dikenal sebagai <i>nonself</i>
yang bersifat antigenik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada sistem
imunitas tubuh manusia sehingga ia akan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>menimbulkan respons imun secara seluler maupun humoral. <a href="" name="2"></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Respons sistem imun terhadap sel kanker dapat
dibagi dua<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yaitu humoral dan seluler (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Halim,
2001).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peranan sistem imun humoral terhadap sel kanker </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Imunitas humoral lebih sedikit
berperan daripada imunitas seluler dalam proses penghancuran sel kanker, tetapi
tubuh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tetap membentuk antibodi terhadap
antigen tumor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dua mekanisme antibodi
diketahui dapat menghancurkan target kanker yaitu : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Antibody dependent cell mediated
cytotoxicity </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(ADCC)<i> </i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada ADCC antibodi IgG spesifik
berikatan terhadap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Tumor Associated
Antigen</i> (TAA) dan sel efektor yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>membawa reseptor untuk bagian Fc dari molekul Ig. Antibodi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bertindak sebagai jembatan antara efektor dan
target. Antibodi yang terikat dapat merangsang pelepasan superoksida atau
peroksida dari sel efektor. Sel yang dapat bertindak sebagai efektor di sini
adalah limfosit null (sel K), monosit, makrofag, Lekosit PMN (polimorfonuklear)
dan fragmen trombosit. Ini akan mengalami lisis optimal dalam 4 sampai 6 jam (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Halim,
2001).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Complement Dependent Cytotoxicity </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Di sini pengikatan antibodi ke
permukaan sel tumor menyebabkan rangkaian peristiwa komplemen klasik dari C'
1,4,2,3,5,6,7,8,9. Komponen C' akhir menciptakan saluran atau kebocoran pada
permukaan sel tumor. IgM lebih efisien dibanding IgM dalam merangsang proses <i>complement
dependent citotoxicity</i> (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Halim, 2001).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peranan sistem imun seluler sel kanker </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada pemeriksaan patologi-anatomik
tumor, sering ditemukan infiltrat sel-sel yang terdiri atas sel fagosit
mononuklear, limfosit, sedikit sel plasma dan sel mastosit. Meskipun pada
beberapa neoplasma, infiltrasi sel mononuklear merupakan indikator untuk
prognosis yang baik, pada umumnya tidak ada hubungan antara infiltrasi sel
dengan prognosis. Sistem imun yang nonspesifik dapat langsung menghancurkan sel
tumor tanpa sensitisasi sebelumnya. Efektor sistem imun tersebut adalah sel Tc,
fagosit mononuklear, polinuklear, Sel NK. Aktivasi sel T melibatkan sel Th dan
Tc. Sel Th penting pada pengerahan dan aktivasi makrofag dan sel NK (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Halim,
2001).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sitotoksitas melalui sel T </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kontak langsung antara sel target
dan limfosit T menyebabkan interaksi antara reseptor spesifik pada permukaan
sel T dengan antigen membran sel target yang mencetuskan induksi kerusakan
membran yang bersifat lethal. Peningkatan kadar <i>cyclic Adenosine
Monophosphate (cAMP)</i> dalam sel T dapat menghambat sitotoksisitas dan efek
inhibisi Prostaglandin (PG) E 1 dan PGE2 terhadap sitotoksisitas mungkin
diperantarai cAMP. Mekanisme penghancuran sel tumor yang pasti masih belum
diketahui walaupun pengrusakan membran sel target dengan hilangnya integritas
osmotik merupakan peristiwa akhir. Pelepasan Limfotoksin (LT), <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>interaksi membran-membran langsung dan
aktifitas <i>T cell associated enzyme</i> seperti phospholipase diperkirakan
merupakan penyebab rusaknya membran. Interleukin (IL), interferon (IFN) dan sel
T mengaktifkan pul asel <i>Natural Killer</i> (NK). Sel ini berbentuk <i>large </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>granulocytic lymphocyte</i> (LGL).
Kebanyakan sel ini mengandung reseptor Fc dan banyak yang mengekspresikan
antigen sel T. Lisis sel target dapat terjadi tanpa paparan pendahuluan dan
target dapat dibunuh langsung. Sel NK menunjukkan beberapa spesifisitas yang
lebih luas terhadap target tumor yang biasanya dibunuh lebih cepat dibanding
sel normal. Kematian sel tumor dapat sebagai akibat paparan terhadap toxin yang
terdapat dalam granula LGL, produksi superoksida atau aktivitas protease serine
pada permukaan sel efektor. Sel NK diaktivasi IFN dan II-2 <i>in vitro</i>.
Aktivitas NK dapat dirangsang secara <i>in vitro</i> dengan pemberian IFN,
inducer atau imunostimulan seperti <i>Bacille Calmette Guerin</i> (BCG) dan <i>Corynebacterium
(C) parvum</i>. Penghambatan aktivasi sel NK terlihat pada beberapa PG (PGE1, PGE2,
PGA1 dan PGA2), phorbol ester, glukokortikoid dan siklofosfamid. Pada banyak
kasus, agen ini langsung mempengaruhi aktivitas NK, sel supresor juga dapat
mempengaruhi sel NK. Sel NC <i>(Natural Cytotoxic)</i> juga teridentifikasi
menghancurkan sel tumor. Berbeda dengan sel NK, sel NC kelihatannya distimulasi
oleh IL-3 dan relatif tahan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terhadap
glukokortikoid dan siklofosfamid. Populasi LAK <i>(lymphocyte activated killer)</i>
cell dapat tumbuh di bawah pengaruh IL-2 (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Halim, 2001).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sitotoksisitas melalui makrofag </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Makrofag yang teraktivasi berikatan
dengan sel neoplastik lebih cepat dibanding dengan sel normal. Pengikatan
khusus makrofag yang teraktivasi ke membran sel tumor adalah melalui struktur
yang sensitif terhadap tripsin. Pengikatan akan bertambah kuat dan erat dalam 1
sampai 3 jam dan ikatan ini akan mematikan sel. Sekali pengikatan terjadi,
mekanisme sitotoksisitas melalui makrofag berlanjut dengan transfer enzim
lisosim, superoksida, protease, faktor sitotoksis yang resisten terhadap
inhibitor protease dan yang menyerupai LT. Sekali teraktivasi, makrofag dapat
menghasilkan PG yang dapat membatasi aktivasinya sendiri. Makrofag yang
teraktivasi dapat menekan proliferasi limfosit, aktivitas NK dan produksi
mediator. Aktivasi supresi dapat berhubungan dengan pelepasan PG atau produksi
superoksida. Sebagai tambahan, makrofag dapat merangsang dan juga menghambat
pertumbuhan sel tumor, yang bergantung dengan bagian yang rentan dari sel
tumor, <i>ratio </i>makrofag dengan sel target dan status fungsional makrofag.
Indometasin dapat menghambat </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">efek perangsangan makrofag pada pertumbuhan tumor
ovarium yang diperkirakan prostaglandin mungkin berperan sebagai mediatornya. <i>Macrophage
derived factor </i>dapat merangsang pertumbuhan tumor dan menekan imunitas sel
T. Akumulasi makrofag dalam tumor mungkin menggambarkan interaksi makrofag
kompleks dari beberapa faktor dan juga kinetik produksi monosit oleh sumsum
tulang. Jadi status fungsional makrofag dalam tumor juga berperan selain
jumlahnya. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Makrofag bila diaktifkan oleh
limfokin, endotoksin, RNA dan IFN akan menunjukkan aktivasi berupa adanya
perubahan morfologik, biokimiawi dan fungsi sel. Makrofag yang diaktifkan
biasanya menjadi sitotoksik nonspesifik terhadap sel tumor <i>in vitro</i>.
Makrofag dapat pula berfungsi sebagai efektor pada ADCC terhadap tumor. Di
samping itu makrofag dapat menimbulkan efek negatif berupa supresi yang disebut
makrofag supresor. Hal tersebut dapat disebabkan oleh tumor itu sendiri atau
akibat pengobatan (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Halim, 2001).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Urutan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">enam langkah</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kematian</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sel</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kanker.</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebuah sel</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kanker telah</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bermigrasi</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">melalui lubang-lubang</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dari membran</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dilapisi</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">matriks</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dari atas</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ke bawah</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
simulasi </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">migrasi alami</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sel kanker</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menyerang</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">antara,</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dan kadang-kadang</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">melalui,</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">endotelium</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">vaskular.</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perhatikan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">paku atau</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pseudopodia</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yang merupakan ciri khas</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dari sel</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kanker</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menyerang</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(1).</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebuah</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">buffy coat</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yang mengandung</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sel darah merah,</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">limfosit dan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">makrofag</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ditambahkan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ke bagian bawah</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">membran.</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sekelompok</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">makrofag</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mengidentifikasi</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sel</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kanker sebagai</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">benda asing</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dan mulai</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menempel pada</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sel</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kanker</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
yang masih memiliki </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">paku</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">nya</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(2).</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tampil</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Makrofag</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mulai</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menyatu dengan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dan menyuntikkan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">racun</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ke dalam</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
sel </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kanker.</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel mulai</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mengumpulkan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dan kehilangan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">paku</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">nya</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(3).</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai sel</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">makrofag</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menjadi halus</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(4).</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kanker</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">muncul</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kental</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dalam tahap</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">terakhir sebelum</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mati.</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Benjolan ini</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sebenarnya</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">makrofag</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menyatu</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dalam sel</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kanker</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(5).</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kanker</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kemudian</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kehilangan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">morfologi,</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menyusut</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mati</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(6) (</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anonim,
2012).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan
tentang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Spirocerca lupi</i>!</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Etiologi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Cacing <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Spirocerca lupi</i> ditemukan
didalam tumor kerongkongan, lambung dan aorta anjing serta berbagai hewan
pemakan daging lainnya. Cacing dewasa berukuran 3-8 cm, berwarna merah, dan
terdapat melingkar didalan tumor jaringan ikat pada dinding kerongkongan atau
organ lainnya., Telur cacing berdinding tebal,oval dan dinding lateral yang
hamper parallel. Ukuran telur 30 x 12µ, berisi larva stadium pertama (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anonim,
2008).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Siklus Hidup</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Tinja,bahan muntahan → telur → dimakan oleh kumbag tahi → larva stadium 3→
Hospes paratenik (ayam, hewan pengerat dan kadal)→ larva membentuk kista →
hospes paratenik dimakan anjing →larva membuat liang pada lambung bermigrasi
dalam lapisan luar arteri visceral dan aorta sampai kerongkongan dan lambung →
dewasa.<br />
Periode pre paten : 17-18 minggu (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anonim, 2008).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gejala
Klinis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
- Migrasi larva : perdarahan dan radang<br />
- Nafsu makan hilang<br />
- Muntah<br />
- Iritasi menyebabkan tremor<br />
- Aneurisma aorta<br />
- Rupture pembuluh darah<br />
- Osteoarthropati paru-paru sekunder (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anonim, 2008).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diagnosa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
- Berdasarkan gejala klinis<br />
- Menemukan telur cacing dalan tinja atau bahan muntahan<br />
- Pemeriksaan radiology atau gastro-endoskopi (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anonim, 2008).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengobatan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
diethylcarbamazine, disophenol, levamisole, albendazole and fenbendazole.<br />
Belakangan ini pemberian 400µg/kg ivermectin and doramectin melalui subkutan
lebih mujarab (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anonim, 2008).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar
Pustaka</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Anonim.
2008. Neoplasia <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Akibat Infeksi Spirocerca
Lupi</i>.http://www.vet-klinik.com/Pets-Animals/Neoplasia-akibat-infeksi-Spirocerca-lupi.html.
Diakses Pada 26 Maret 2012</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Anonim, 2012. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Imunitas</i>. http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imunitas.
Diakses Pada 26 Maret 2012</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Halim,
Binarwan., M Fauzie Sahil. 2001. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Imunologi
Kanker</i>. Medan: FK USU</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Suwandono,
Adji. 2012. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Neoplasma</i>.
http://adjisuwandono.staff.uns.ac.id/files/2010/07/introducing-neoplasma.pdf.
Diakses 26 Pada Maret 2012</span></div>
</div>Muhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10840615217552522658noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1296415248306025992.post-64781684849315180322012-05-17T01:09:00.003-07:002012-05-17T01:09:50.894-07:00Aspergillosis dan Respon Imun<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoTitle" style="text-align: justify;">
Learning Objective</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan
tentang aspergillosis! (etiologi, patogenesis, gejala, gejala klinis, dan
diagnosa).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
respon imun terhadap fungi!</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan
tentang radang granulomatosa!</span><br />
</div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 4.0pt 0cm;">
<div class="MsoTitle" style="text-align: justify;">
Pembahasan</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan
tentang aspergillosis! (etiologi, patogenesis, gejala, gejala klinis, dan
diagnosa).</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit yang
disebabkan oleh genus Aspergillus disebut Aspergillosis. Manifestasi
Aspergillosis pada hewan meliputi mikotik pneumonia, guttural pouch mycosis,
rhinitis kronis, penyakit sistemik, penyakit kulit, alergi, aborsi,
gastrointestinal Aspergillosis, mastitis, dan keratomikosis. Secara komparatif
kasus klinis dari aspergilosis tidakbiasa dan bersifat sporadik (Quinn, 2002).</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Etiologi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit ini pada
unggas biasanya disebabkan oleh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aspergillus
fumigatus </i>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aspergillus flavus</i>.
Organisme lain yang sering ditemukan sebagai penyebab Aspergillosis antara lain
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A. terrus, A. glaucus, A. nidulans, A.
niger, A. amstelodami,</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A.
nigrescens</i>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aspergillus fumigatus</i>
dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aspergillus flavus</i> tidak memiliki
stadium seksual sehingga digolongkan pada famili Moniciliaceae (Tabbu, 2002).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk-bentuk
Aspergillosis :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aspergillosis pulmonum : ditemukan pada puyuh, kalkun,
ayam, dan penguin. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aspergillosis sistemik : ditemukan pada kalkun dan ayam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aspergillosis bentuk kulit (dermal) : jarang
ditemukan, terkadang ditemukan pada merpati dan ayam. Bentuk ini ditandai
dengan dermatitis dan granulomatosa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aspergillosis bentuk tulang (osteomikosis) : ditemukan
pada ayam yang ditandai adanya infeksi Aspergillosis sp. pada tulang punggung
dan dapat mengakibatkan paralisis</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aspergillosis bentuk mata : ditemukan pada ayam dan
kalkun. Bentuk ini dapat bersifat unilateral dan lesi terutama pada konjungtiva
dan permukaan luar mata yang ditandai adanya eksudat kaseus yang membentuk
eksudatt kaseus atau pembentukan plaque di bawah membrana niktitan. Kontak
antara permukaan konjungtiva dengan spora jamur dari lingkungan menimbulkan
keratitis (radang kornea) dan infeksi bagian superficial mata.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor-faktor
pendukung timbulnya asperegilosis adalah keadaan kandang dengan ventialasi yang
kurang memadahi, kandang berdebu, kandang dengan kelembaban tinggi dan
temperature relative tinggi (>25<sup>O</sup>C), kadar ammonia tinggi, liter
basah dan lembab, pakan lembab dan berjamur, penyakit imunosupresif, pencemaran
pada inkubator dan temperatur pemanas yang rendah pada saat pemeliharaan DOC
(Tabbu. 2002).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara penularan </span></u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penularan aspergilosis
adalah dengan cara menghirup spora dalam jumlah yang banyak. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aspergillosis juga ditularkan melalui udara, kandang
atau alas kandang tercemar. Dilaporkan bahwa alas kandang sering menjadi sumber
konidia Aspergillus. Penularan lewat udara di dalam mesin tetas pernah
dilaporkan. Penularan melalui telur dapat terjadi, secara percobaan telur-telur
yang diinkubasi dengan suspense jelly petroleum mengandung konidia <i>A.
fumigates</i> dan infeksi meningkat apabila telur diinkubasi dalam incubator
dicemari dengan konidia <i>A. fumigates </i>dan dalam waktu 8 hari inkubasi
telah terjadi penetrasi jamur melalui kulit telur. Penyakit ini dapat juga ditularkan melalui telur, karena <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aspergillus fumigatus</i> dapat tumbuh di
bagian dalam telur dan dapat menurunkan daya tetas telur. Anak ayam yang menetas
dari telur tersebut berisiko terkena aspergilosis (Tabbu, 2002).</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pathogenesis</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aspergillosis
memperlihatkan gejala patologis sebagai berikut : terdapat lesi pada paru-paru
berupa noduli kaseus kecil berwarna kekuningan dengan diameter ± 1 mm. Lesi disertai
plaque yang terdiri atas eksudat kaseus berwarna kuning mengumpul pada daerah
koloni jamur. Noduli kaseus terdiri dari eksudat radang dan jaringan jamur.
Pada kasus yang melanjut, plaque semakin banyak dan membentuk agregat. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan
makroskopik : lesi stadium awal sangat menciri dengan timbulnya timbunan
limfosit, makrofag, dan beberapa giant cells. Pada stadium selanjutnya akan
terlihat lesi yang menjadi granuloma terdiri dari daerah nekrosis sentral
menganduung heterofil dan dikelilingi makrofag, giant cells, limfosit, dan
sejumlah jaringan ikat. Lesi pada otak terdiri dari abses dengan bagian yang
sama namun pada daerah nekrosis ditemukan hifa, pada chamber dan retina
ditemukan heterofil, makrofag, hancuran sel, dan hifa (Tabbu, 2002).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala klinis</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Masa inkubasi sekitar 4-10 hari, dan proses penyakit sekitar 2 hingga
beberapa minggu. Bentuk-bentuk penyakit aspergillosis :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kronis</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aspergillosis kronis
memperlihatkan gejala berikut ini : kehilangan nafsu makan, lesu, sulit
bernafas, emasiasi, sianosis (kepala dan jengger berwarna kebiruan) dan dapat
berlanjut dengan kematian. Sering ditemukan gangguan saraf pada kalkun.
Aspergillosis dapat mengakibatkan gangguan pertumbuhan pada ayam dan
menyebabkan morbiditas-mortalitas yang rendah. Aspergillosis kronis biasanya
menyerang ayam dewasa.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akut </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aspergillosis akut
memperlihatkan gejala berikiut ini : dyspnea, peningkata frekuensi pernafasan,
kehilangan nafsu makan, mengantuk, terjadi paralisis dan kejang yang disebabkan
oleh toksin dari Aspergillus sp pada otak. Pada stadium akhir penyakit terjadi
diare. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari hidung dan mukosa mata keluar cairan berlendir.
Beberapa unggas dalam waktu 24 jam menunjukkan gejala konvulsi dan tortikolis
yang terjadi pada beberapa jenis unggas seperti ayam, kalkun dan angsa. Ayam yang terinfeksi berat biasanya akan mati
dalam waktu 2-4 minggu. Pada ayam muda aspergillosis menyebabkan
morbiditas-mortalitas tinggi (Tabbu, 2002).</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">D. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diagnosis</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan dapat dilakuakan dengan penempatan
noduli gerusan pada KOH 20% dan ditutup deck glass, dan dipanaskan dan dilihat
dalam mikroskop. Diamati kemungkinan terdapat hifa yang akan tercat biru dengan
pewarnaan tertentu. Isolasi jamur dapat dilakukan dengan kultur dalam SDA
(Sobourauds Dextrose Agar). </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan serologis kurang efektif. ELISA dapat
dilakukan untuk mengetahui adanya antibodi spesifik terhadap <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aspergillus fumigatus</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aspergillus flavus</i>. Diferensial
diagnosisnya adalah daktilariosis. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan
AGP jamur dapat dibedakan berdasarkan garis presipitasi yang dihasilkan. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aspergillus fumigates</i> menghasilkan garis
presipitasi sedangkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A. flavus</i> tidak
menghasilkan garis presipitasi (Tabbu,
2002).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
respon imun terhadap fungi!</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertemuan
pertama dengan jamur akan ditahan oleh penghalang non spesifik yang disajikan
oleh kulit utuh dan membran mukosa. Jika hal ini diatasi, penghalang berikutnya
yag ditemui adalah faktor humoral non pesifik, seperti sifat-sifat anti jamur
dari seabum. Jika hal ini teraatasi maka infeksi dapat dicetuskan. Hal ini
dapat dalam bentuk infeksi lokal seperti sariawan , atau dapat meluas seperti
halnya infeksi kutaneosa an infeksi subkutaneosa; atau dapat lebih luas lagi
dan menjadi infeksi sistemik. Lesi pulmonal dari infeksi sistemik dapat
dialokasikan dalam makrafag, misalnya pembentukna granuloma. Namun demikian
bila penghalang ini tidak efektif dapat terjadi penyebaran umum jamur ke
organ-organ yang lebih dalam, seperti otak. pada semua interaksi jamur-hospes
ini, tetapi pada infeksi yang lebih lua, dirangsang faktor-faktor imunologik
spesifik, yang terdiri dari antibodi dan hipersensitivitas lambat. Peran yang
tepat dari faktor spesifik ini pada penyembuhan infeksi belum jelas.
Bagaimanapun, imunitas seluler rupa-rupanya merupakan mekanisme efektor yang
penting pada infeksi kronik yang terletak dalam dan mungkin memaksakan
pengaruhnya dengan interaksi yang sama dengan makrofag seperti yang digambarkan
pada peyakit bakteri, (Bellanti, 1993).</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Respon
imun terhadap jamur diduga melibatkan sel T dan makrofag. Infeksi jamur
biasanya hanya mengenai bagian luar tubuh saja, tetapi beberapa jamur dapat
menimbulkan penyakit sistemik yang berbahaya, biasanya memasuki paru dalam
bentuk spora.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Neutrofil
dan fagosit berperan untuk menyingkirkan infeksi jamur. Diduga mekanisme
proteksinya adalah melalui mekanisme seluler. Antibodi juga dapat ditemukan dan
diduga mempunyai peran dalam respons imun terhadap jamur (Baratawidjaja, 2004).</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Imunitas nonspesifik</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Efektor utama imunitas nonspesifik terhadap jamur
adalah neutrofil dan makrofag. Pasien dengan neutropenia sangat rentan terhadap
jamur oportinistik. Neutrofil diduga melepas bahan fungisidal seperti Reactive
Oxygen Intermediate dan enzim lisosom serta memakan jamur untuk dibunuh
intraseluler. Galur virulen seperti Kriptokok neoformans menghambat produksi
sitokin TNF dan IL-12 oleh makrofag dan merangsang produksi IL-10 yang
menghambat aktivasi makrofag (Baratawidjaja, 2004).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Imunitas spesifik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cellular Mediated Immunity (CMI) merupakan efektor
imunitas spesifik utama terhadap infeksi jamur. Histoplasma kapsulatum, parasit
intraselular fakultatif hidup dalam makrofag, dieliminasi oleh efektor seluler
sama yang efektif terhadap bakteri intraseluler. CD4+ dan CD8+ bekerja sama
untuk menyingkirkan bentuk K. neoformans yang cenderung mengkolonisasi paru dan
otak pada pejamu imunokompromais.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi kandida sering mulai pada permukaan mukosa dan
CMI diduga dapat mencegah penyebarannya ke jaringan. Pada semua keadaan tersebut,
respons Th1 adalah protektif sedangkan respons Th2 dapat merusak pejamu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inflamasi granuloma dapat menimbulkan kerusakan pejamu
seperti pada infeksi histoplasma. Kadang terjadi respons humoral yang dapat
digunakan dalam diagnostik serologic, namun efek proteksinya belum diketahui
(Baratawidjaja, 2004).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan
tentang radang granulomatosa!</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peradangan
granulomatosa adalah pola khas reaksi peradangan kronis yang ditandai dengan
akumulasi makrofag teraktivasi, yang sering mengembang seperti epitel (epiteloid). Sebuah granulomatosa adalah dokus peradangan
kronis yang terdiri dari agregasi makrofag mikroskopis yang berubah menjadi
sel-sel epitel seperti dikelilingi oleh
leukosit mononuklear terutama limfosit dan kadang-kadang sel plasma. Dalam pewarnaan HE, sel epiteloid
akan terlihat pink pucat, sitoplasma granular dan batas sel tidak jelas, sering
muncul untuk bergabung ke satu sama lain. Intinya tidak sepadat limfosit,
berbentuk oval atau memanjang. Dewasa akan mengembangkan tepi dilampiri fibroblas
dan jaringan ikat. Sel ephiteloid sering bergabung untuk membentuk sel raksasa
di pinggiran atau kadang-kadang di tengah granuloma. Sel raksasa ini dapat
mencapai diameter 40-50 mkrometer, mereka memiliki massa besar sitoplasma yang
mengandung 20 atau lebih dan dapat menjadi langerhans tipe raksasa atau yang
lain.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
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<div class="MsoTitle" style="text-align: justify;">
Daftar Pustaka</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Baratawidjaja, K.G. 1982. <i>Imunologi Dasar</i>. Edisi Ke-6.
Jakarta: UI Press</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bellanti, Joseph A. 1993. <i>Imunologi III</i>. Yogyakarta:
UGM Press</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mitchell
RN, Cotran RS. 2003. <i>Robbins Basic
Pathology: Acute and Chronic Inflammation</i>. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 42.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabbu, Charles Rangga. 2002. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Penyakit Ayam dan
Penanggulangannya Volume 1</i>.
Yogyakarta : Kanisius</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Quinn, P. J. 2002.
<i>Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease</i>. UK: Blackwell Science</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>Muhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10840615217552522658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1296415248306025992.post-51824562654281861592012-05-17T01:02:00.000-07:002012-05-17T01:02:05.115-07:00Trematoda Saluran Pencernaan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Learning
Objective</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebutkan
dan jelaskan macam-macam cacing trematoda di pencernaan (hospes, predileksi,
siklus hidup, dan gejala yang ditimbulkan)!</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan
respon imun terhadap infeksi cacing!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">II.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebutkan
dan jelaskan macam-macam cacing trematoda di pencernaan (hospes, predileksi,
siklus hidup, dan gejala yang ditimbulkan)!</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Genus
Cotylurus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cotylurus
flabelliformis terdapat pada usus halus itik liar. Panjangnya sekitar 0,56-0,85
mm dan telurnya 100-112 x 68-76 mikron. Induk semang antara pertama adalah
siput lymnaeda, sporokista induk, sporokista anak dan serkaria berkembang di
dalam kelenjar pencernaan. Siput physida dan planorbida adalah induk semang
kedua, tetapi hanya apabila siput-siput tersebut mengandung sporokista atau
redia dari trematoda lain, dimana metaserkaria cotylurus berkembang sebagai
hiperparasit (Norman, 1994).</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Genus
Alaria</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alaria
Amaricana atau A. Canis terdapat dalam usus halus dan jarang di dalam lambung
anjing, kucing srigala, rubah.. Panjangnya 3-5 mm dan mempunyai telur 106-134 x
64-99 mikron. Mirasidium yang menetas dari telur menembus siput dari genus
Helisoma dan tumbuh menjadi sporokista induk, sporokista induk ini memproduksi sporokista
anak yang menghasilkan serkaria ekor garpu yang meninggalkan siput dan berenang
bebas dalam air. Serkaria menembus kulit berudu katak dan berudu kodok dan
berkembang menjadi mesoserkaria. Mesoserkaria ini menghasilkan metaserkaria
(diplostomula) di dalam paru-paru induk semang definitif yang makan katak,
kodok atau berudu. Diplostomula kemudian masuk kedalam usus untuk menjadi
dewasa. Ular, berang-berang, dan hewan-hewan lain yang memakan induk semang
antara kedua dapat merupakan induk semang transpor bagi mesoserkaria (Norman,
1994).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Genus
Echinoparyphium</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Echinoparyphium
recurvatum terdapat pada usus halus itik piaraan, itik liar, ayam dan merpati.
Induk semang antara pertamanya adalah bermacam-macam siput genus Biomphalaria,
Bulinus, Physa. Sporokista, redia induk, dan redia anak berkembang di dalam
organ internal siput. Serkaria meninggalkan siput dan mengkista sebagai
metaserkaria pada induk semang kedua, yang merupakan siput genus yang sama atau
berbeda, katak atau bahkan ikan (Norman, 1994).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Genus
Fasciolopsis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fasciolopsis
buski terdapat dalam usus halus manusia dan babi. Ia mencapai panjang 7,5 cm
dan lebar cm. Telurnya mencapai 140 x 85 mikron. Siklus hidup mirip dengan F.
Hepatica. Induk semang antaranya adalah siput air genus segmentina dan
hippeurus, dan metaserkaria terdapat pada tumbuhan air, termasuk chestnut air
dan calthrrop air (Norman, 1994).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Genus
Nanophyetus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nanophytus
salmincola merupakan cacing keracunan salem bagi anjing, , anjing hutan, rakun,
musang, cerpelai, lynx. Rakun dan musang belang kemungkinan merupakan induk
semang alam. Cacing dewasa berwarna putih atau krem dan hidup di bagian
anterior usus halus. Mereka berukuran kecil, hanya 0,1-2,5 x 0,3-0,5 mm, dan
mempunyai telur berbentuk ovoid, beroperkulum, berukuran 64-97 x 34-55 mikron.
Telur keluar bersama tinja dan menetas dalam 75-200 hari. Mirasidium masuk
dalam siput, melepaskan silianya dan berubah menjadi redia di dalam
hepatopankreas. Siput sebagai induk semang antara alami di Oregon adalah
Oxytrema silicula. Serkaria tumbuh di dalam redia, meninggalkan siput, dan
berenang bebas di air. Induk semang antara kedua biasanya ikan familia salem.
Meskipun demikian beberapa ikan lain dan bahkan kadal raksasa pasifik dapat terinfeksi. Serkaria menembus
aktif melalui kulit dan mengkista di dalam organ internal. Metaserkaria sekitar
530 x 280 mikron dan tidak infektif sampai mereka berusia 10 hari. Mereka dapat
menurunkan kemampuan berenang pada ikan muda dan bahkan dapat membunuhnya
apabila jumlahnya cukup banyak. Metaserkaria dapat mempertahankan hidup selama
ikan masih berada di laut. Induk semang definitif terinfeksi apabila memakan
ikan pembawa ini (Norman, 1994).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">F.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Genus
Cryptocotyle</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cryptocotyle
lingua terdapat di dalam usus halus anjing, kucing, musang, rubah, anjing laut,
dan berbagai burung dan mamalia. Cacing berukuran 0,5-2,0 x 0,2-0,9 mm dan
telurnya 32-50 x 18-25 mikron. Induk semang antara pertama adalah siput pantai
Littorina, dan banyak jenis ikan continental shelf merupakan induk semang kedua
(Norman, 1994).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cryptocotyle
concava terdapat pada usus halus berbagai burung air dan kadang-kadang anjing
dan kucing. Cacing berukuran 0,5-1,5 x 0,3-0,9 mm dan mempunyai telur 30-40 x
16-20 mikron. Induk semang antara yang pertama adalah siput Amnicola dan induk
semang antara yang kedua adalah berbagai jenis ikan (Norman, 1994).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan
respon imun terhadap infeksi cacing!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cacing
pada umumnya dapat ditemukan dalam dua keadaan di dalam tubuh:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
jaringan sebagai larva</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
saluran gastrointestinal atau saluran respirasi sebagai cacing dewasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KEKEBALAN
HUMORAL-Kelas imunoglobulin yang terpenting dalam resistensi terhadap cacing
adalah IgE. Kebanyakan infeksi cacing berhubungan dengan tanda-tanda yang khas
dari hipersensitivitas tipe I, termasuk eosinofili, edema, asma dan dermatitis
urtikaria. Kombinasi antara antigen cacing dengan IgE terikat sel mast
menyebabkan terjadinya degranulasi sel mast dan dilepaskannya amin vasoaktif.
Senyawa ini merangsang kontraksi urat daging licin dan menambah permeabilitas
vaskuler. Jadi terjadi kontraksi dari urat daging usus dan pertambahan
permeabilitas kapiler usus yang memungkinkan keluarnya cairan ke dalam lumen
usus. Kombinasi ini menghasilkan pelepasan dan pengeluaran sebagian besar beban
cacing dalam saluran gastrointestinal hewan (Tizard. 1988).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Makrofag
dapat berikatan dengan larva cacing melaui jalur yang diperantarai IgE untuk
menghancurkannya.Demikian juga dengan memperantarai sel mast, IgE merangsang
pelepasan Faktor Analifaksis Kemotaktik Eosinofil (FAKE). Bahan ini
memobilisasi cadangan eosinofil tubuh yang menyebabkan dilepaskannya eosinofil
dalam jumlah besar ke dalam sirkulasi. Eosinofil ternyata memegang paling
sedikit dua peranan. Pertama, mengandung enzim yang mempu menetralkan bahan
vasoaktif yang dikeluarkan sel mast. Kedua, bersama-sama dengan antibodi dan
komplemen, eosinofil dapat membunuh beberapa larva cacing. Eosinofil dapat
melekat pada cacing melalui IgG. Kemudian mengalami degranulasi, melepaskan isi
granulanya pada kutikel cacing. Protein basa utama granula dapat menyebabkan
kerusakan langsung pada kutikel dan juga membantu pelekatan eosinofil
tambahan. Efek sitoksik dari protein
basa diperbesar oleh faktor yang berasal dari sel mast misalnya histamin maupun
komplemen (Tizard. 1988).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Walaupun
tanggap anticacing diperantarai IgE-Eosinofil
rupanya merupakan mekanisme terpenting resistensi terhadap cacing,
antibodi dari kelas imunoglobulin yang lain yang memainkan peranan proteksi.
Mekanisme yang terlibat meliputi netralisasi yang diperantarai antibodi
terhadap enzim proteolitik yang dipakai oleh larva untuk menembus jaringan,
penyumbatan lubang anus dan mulut larva oleh kompleks kebal karena antibodi
berikatan dengan produk ekskresi dan sekresi dari larva dan pencegahan terhadap
eksdisis dan penghambatan perkembangan larva oleh antibodi. Jalur enzim yang
lain mungkin dihalangi oleh antibodi yang bekerja terhadap cacing dewasa,
menyebabkan kemungkinan terhentinya produksi telur atau bahkan menganggu
pengembangan sistem anatomi (Tizard. 1988).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KEKEBALAN
SELULER- Limfosit T yang telah disensitisasi menekan aktifitas cacing dengan
dua mekanisme. Pertama, terjadinya tanggap perbarahan dari tipe hipersensivitas
lambatyang cenderung untuk menarik sel mononuklir ke tempat invasi larva dan
merubah lingkungan setempat menjadi tidak cocok untuk pertumbuhan atau migrasi.
Kedua, limfosit sitoksik mungkin mampu menyebabkan kehancuran larva (Tizard.
1988).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengelakan
tanggap kebal oleh cacing meliputi mimikri antigen induk semang, variasi
antigenik, dan penghalangan antibodi.
Ada empat mekanisme yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cacing
dapat membuat antigen hitokompatibilitas atau antigen golongan darah yang cocok
dengan induk semangnya. Contohnya domba memiliki tanggap kebal yang lebih
sedikit pada antigen <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">H. contortus</i>
dibandingkan kelinci. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">H. contortus</i> memiliki kemiripan antigenik lebih dekat dengan domba
yang merupakan induk semang alamiahnya daripada kelinci induk semang yang tidak
diinginkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cacing
dapat terlindungi dari tanggap konsekuensi tanggap kebal induk semangnya,
dengan penyerapan antigen induk semang pada permukannya. Contohnya, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Schistosoma
mansoni</i> dewasa, trematoda yang hidup dalam pembuluh darah mesenterium
manusia dan yang mampu menyerap eritrosit induk semang dan antigen
histokompabilitas pada permukannya. Cysticercus juga dapat menyerap antigen
dengan cara ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan
melibatkan variasi antigenik. Walaupun cacing tidak mengembangkan suatu sistem
seefisien pada tripanosomiasis, tetapi dikenal adanya variasi antigenik yang
berangsur-angsur. Jadi, antigen kutikula dari larva <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">T. spiralis</i> memperlihatkan perubahan yang luas setelah berganti
kulit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Immunosupresi.
Misalnya: Domba yang tertulari oleh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">H.
contortus</i> sistem imunnya tertekan sehingga tidak bereaksi dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">H. contortus</i> walaupun tetap tanggap
terhadap antigen lain. Pada trichinosis, hewan yang tertulari mengalami kebal
tertekan tidak khusus sehingga ketahanan tubuh menurun terhadap infeksi lain (Tizard.
1988).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">III.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar
Pustaka</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Norman, D Levine. 1994. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Parasitology Veteriner</i>. Yogyakarta:
Gadjah Mada University Press</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tizard.
1988. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar Imunologi Veteriner</i>.
Surabaya: Airlangga University Press</span></div>
</div>Muhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10840615217552522658noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1296415248306025992.post-57474329043364434042012-05-17T00:57:00.002-07:002012-05-17T00:57:35.115-07:00Parasit Darah pada Hewan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Learning Objective</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Parasit
darah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebutkan
dan jelaskan?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
mekanisme infeksi?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
respon imun?</span><br />
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Parasit
darah</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebutkan
dan jelaskan?</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trypanosomiosis</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trypanosomiosis merupakan penyakit
akibat infeksi dari protozoa genus <i>Trypanosoma</i>. <i>Trypanosoma</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sp </i>merupakan parasit obligat
intercellular, yang berpredileksi pada plasma darah (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Levine,
1994).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trypanosoma evansi</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trypanosoma evansi </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">selain menyerang sapi juga menyerang beberapa
mamalia lainnya. Infeksi parasit ini disebut dengan penyakit surra. <i>Trypanosoma
evansi</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> akan hidup dalam darah melalui vector seperti lalat
penghisap darah golongan <i>Tabanidae</i> (sering disebut lalat pitak atau lalat
kerbau) dengan cara mekanik murni dimana <i>Trypanosoma</i> tidak mengalami
siklus hidup dalam vector (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Levine, 1994).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trypanosoma congolense</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab penyakit nagana (sleeping sickness),
Lebih patogen daripada brucei pada sapi, Kerbau dan hewan liar terdapat di
dalam darah. Bentuk dalam darah : kecil (8 – 12 </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">μ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">). Membrana undulan jarang terlihat tidak ada
flagela bebas. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ditularkan oleh lalat tse
– tse, mekanis oleh lalat penggigit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Levine,
1994).</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trypanosoma
vi</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">vax</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadang – kadang bersama
dengan T. Brucei dan T. Congolense. Patogenitas lebih ringan pada sapi, di
daerah Afrika sub sahara. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Panjangnya : 20 – 27 </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">μ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">,
posterior membulat satu flagellum bebas. Membrana undulans tidak jelas.
Kinetoplas besar di terminal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Levine, 1994).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trypanosoma
brucei</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berparasit pada semua mamalia, ruminansia liar di Afrika, Bersifat
fatal, penyebab penyakit nagana, ruminan liar sebagai reservoir <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">T. brucei</i> tidak menular pada manusia.
Bentuk lebih langsing, buntak, Berparasit dalam darah, limfe dan cairan
cerebrospinal dengan Pembelahan ganda memanjang, Ukuran ± 29 </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">μ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-42 </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">μ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">,
Posterior meruncing, kinetoplas 4 </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">μ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dari
ujung, Flagella bebas dan panjang . Penularan melalui lalat tse-tse (genus
Glossina) lalat kuda dan Tabanidae → vektor mekanis (Levine, 1985).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trypanoso</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ma equinum</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat di Amerika Selatan, Menyebabkan mal de
caderas pada kuda (sapi, anjing, domba, kambing). Mirip dengan penyakit surra.
perbedaanya dengan T. evansi tidak ada kinetoplas. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mungkin penjelmaan dari T. evansi. memiliki panjang lebih
kurang 35 μm. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Vektor : Tabanidae (Stomoxys)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Levine,
1994).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trypanosoma
equiperdum </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada di seluruh dunia. Pada kuda, sapi, keledai
disebut penyakit dourine. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ditemukan pada darah dan limfe. Menyerupai evansi, tetapi
menyebabkan penyakit kelamin. Ditularkan melalui coitus (kawin) morrfologi : 16-35
μm monomorf kinetoplas sub terminal, plasma bergranula</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Levine,
1994).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trypanosoma
theileri </span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berparasit dalam darah
sapi di seluruh dunia, Biasanya tidak patogen. Bentuk relatif besar, 35-70 μm
(120 μm pernah dilaporkan), Ditularkan oleh Tabanus dan haematopota. Ujung
posterior panjang dan runcing. Membarana undulan jelas flagela bebas. Dalam
darah : tripomastigot – epimastigotDitularkan melalui tinja lalat.Pada beberapa
kasus produksi susu mengalami penurunan dan aborsi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Levine,
1994).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trypanosoma melophagium</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Non patogen pada domba, memiliki panjang 50-60 </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">μ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">m, ditularkan oleh : Melophagus ovinus, melalui
pencernaan tinja dan infeksi melalui kontaminasi kulit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Levine,
1994).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">T.
lewisi </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berparasit pada tikus. Ditularkan oleh pinjal
Ceratophyllus fasciatus Panjangnya mencapai 26-34 </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">μ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">m dengan bagian posterior runcing. Non patogen
biasanya digunakan untuk penelitian</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Levine,
1994).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">T.
nabiasi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berparasit pada kelinci di Eropa. Ditularkan
oleh pinjal Spilopsylla cuniculi dan Non pathogen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Levine,
1994).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">T.
rangeli</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Parasit pada darah anjing, kucing, kera di
Amerika selatan dan tengah, Non-patogen, harus dibedakan dengan T. Cruzi. Ukuran
26-36 </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">μ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">m Kinetoplas kecil Reproduksi
binary fission. Ditularkan oleh kutu pencium dengan pencemaran tinja </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Levine, 1994).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trypanosoma
cruzi (chagas dis</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ease)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berparasit pada manusia di Amerika Selatan dan tengah, Pada hewan
liar, armadillo, kus-kus → reservoir (termasuk tikus). Penyakit serius dan
mematikan pada manusia (37 juta di seluruh dunia terinfeksi) bentuk
tripomastigot di darah, tetapi tidak membiak masuk ke dalam retikuloendotelial
dan otot melintang → amastigot → berbiak
predileksi di urat daging jantung. tripomastigot : 16-20 </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">μ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">m, posterior runcing, flagela bebas, membrana
undulan sempit. vektor : kutu pencium hemiptera. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Levine,
1994).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala Klinis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah melewati masa inkubasi timbul gejala umum :
temperatur naik, lesu, letih dan nafsu makan terganggu. biasanya hewan dapat
mengatasi penyakit walaupun dalam darahnya ada <i>Trypanosoma</i>
bertahun-tahun.Apabila sakit : demam selang seling, <i>oedema</i> bawah dagu
dan anggota gerak, anemia, makin kurus dan bulu rontok. </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mucosa</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
menguning awalnya cermin hidung mengering lalu keluar lendir dan air mata dan
sering makan tanah. Ketika masuk cairan <i>cerebrospinal</i> : sempoyongan,
berputar-putar,gerak paksa dan kaku (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Levine, 1994).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level3 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Babesiosis
(Piroplasmosis)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Babesiosis merupakan penyakit akibat
infeksi oleh protozoa darah genus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Babesia.
Babesia </i>merupakan parasit obligat intracellular, pada sapi spesies yang
pathogen adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Babesia bigemina, Babesia
divergens, </i>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Babesia bovis.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Babesia
bigemina</span></i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, di dalam
eritrosit sapi lebih sering ditemukan berpasangan dengan sudut lancip,
berbentuk piriform, bulat (berdiameter 2 – 3 mikron), oval atau tidak teratur.
Vektor dari parasit ini adalah tungau, antara lain adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Boophilus, Haemaphysalis, </i>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rhipicephalus</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Levine,
1994).</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala Klinis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•
Mortalitas lebih dari 50% tergantung dari umur, bangsa, dsb.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•
Demam tinggi (diatas 41,5OC)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">• Urin berwarna merah-coklat-kehitaman</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">• Anemia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Levine,
1994).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level3 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Theileriosis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Theileriosis merupakan penyakit akibat
infeksi dari protozoa genus <i>Theileria,</i> suborder Piroplasmorina. <i>Theileria
</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sp </i>merupakan parasit obligat
intracelluler. Spesies yang pathogen terhadap sapi ada 2 yang terkenal, yaitu <i>T.
parva</i>, yang menyebabkan demam pada sapi di Afrika bagian timur, dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">T.
annulata</i>, yang menyebabkan theileriosis tropis (Levine, 1996).</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US">Theileria </span></i><span lang="EN-US">sp.
Ditularkan melalui vector biologi. <i>Rhipicephalus appendiculatus </i>adalah
vector yang paling penting untuk <i>T. parva, </i>tetapi <i>R. zembeziensis </i>dan <i>R. duttoni </i>juga bias
menularkan parasit ini. Sedangkan <i>T. annulata </i>ditularkan oleh vector </span>Caplak <i>Ixodidae </i><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span lang="EN-US">Levine, 1994).</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Gejala Klinis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala
klinis dari infeksi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Theileria parva </i> adalah
demam, anoreksia, produksi susu menurun, petechie dapat ditemukan pada
konjungtiva, dan pertumbuhan terhambat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Levine,
1994).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
mekanisme infeksi?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Siklus Hidup Toxoplasma</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="DE">Didalam tubuh
vektor, dimulai sejak lalat menghisap darah penderita, bersama darah juga akan
terhisap gamon (mikro dan makro)-gamet, didalam tubuh lalat mikrogamet akan
secara aktif mencari makrogamet untuk kawin, hasil perkawinan terbentuklah
zygot berbentuk bulat kemudian berkembang lebih lanjut bentuknya berubah memanjang dan dapat
bergerak disebut ookinet, ookinet
bergerak menuju dinding usus tengah untuk membentuk ookista, ookista mengalami
proses sprogony (pembentukan sporozoit) dengan menbelahan berlipat ganda
(skizogoni) menghasilkan sporozoit, sporozoit akan bermigrasi menuju kelenjar
air liur sehingga lalat menjadi infektif</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span lang="EN-US">Levine, 1994).</span><span lang="DE"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Didalam tubuh hewan peka</span></i><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, dimulai juga saat lalat infektif menghisap darah,
sporozoit yang berada didalam kelenjar ludah akan ikut tersebar kedalam
peredaran darah, kemudian akan memasuki sel endotel (ginjal, hati dan
paru-paru) serta didalam ruangan berisi darah atau didalam jaringan (jantung,
limpa, pankreas, thymus, otot-otot, usus, tarakhea, ovarium, kelenjar adrenal,
dan otak. Sporozoit mengalami proses merogony (pembentukan merozoit) dengan
cara pembelahan berlipat ganda (skizogoni) sehingga dibebaskan banyak merozoit.
Merogoni berlangsung beberapa kali, kemudian mengalami proses gametogony
(pembentukan gamet) akhirnya terbentuklah (mikro dan makro)-ganet. Gamet ini
akan ikut terhisap saat lalat menghisap darah maka terulanglah siklus seperti
diatas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Levine,
1994).</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Siklus hidup</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
Babesia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tropozoit</span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
yang ikut masuk pada saat caplak menghisap darah akan memasuki eritrosit,
selanjutnya akan mengalami proses merogony (pembentukan merozoit) melalui
pembelahan ganda (biner), penguncupan
(endodyogeni), endopolygeny dan atau perbanyakan berlipat ganda (skizogoni), di
dalam endotel pembuluh darah organ sehingga dihasilkan m<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">erozoit</i>. Sebagai akibat terjadi perbanyakan merozoit mengakibatkan
sel endotel pecah dan merozoit akan memasuki sel endotel baru. Siklus aseksual
ini berlangsung tidak terbatas, pada akhirnya akan terbentuk akan menginfeksi
eritrosit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Levine, 1994).</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pada
saat caplak menghisap darah, merozoit ikut terhisap, didalam tubuh caplak ada
kemungkinan terjadi perkembangan seksual (terbukti dengan ditemukannnya parasit
berpasangan dan berada dalam kontak yang erat dan kelihatan akan bersatu dan
”Mehlhorn et al (1981)” menganggap persatuan itu merupakan permulaan syngamy
atau merozoit tetap berkembang dengan pembelahan sederhana (ganda)
menghasilkan parasit vermiform dan masuk
kedalam rongga badan. Vermiform bergerak dengan cara meluncur, kemudian memasuki
ovarium untuk menuju telur. Didalam telur parasit vermiform akan berubah bentuk
menjadi bulat dan memperbanyak diri dengan pembelahan ganda, setelah larva
caplak menetas parasit tidak berkembang tetapi ketika larva menyilih (ekdisis)
menjadi nimpa parasit memasuki kelenjar ludah dan berkembang secara pembelahan
sederhana (ganda) menjadi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tropozoit </i>sehingga
caplak menjadi infektif</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Levine, 1994).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Siklus Hidup</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Theileria</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Siklus seksual terjadi di dalam tubuh
caplak, didalam usus nimpa caplak (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Amblyomma variegatum, A. cohaerens </i>dan<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Haemaphysalis hebraeum</i>), 5 – 7 hari
setelah menghisap darah, terjadi syngamy isogamet dan terbentuklah Zgot. Zygot
dapat ditemukan didalam usus mulai hari ke-29, berkembang menjadi Ookinet mulai
hari ke-30 (yaitu 3 – 4 hari setelah nimfa berganti kulit menjadi dewasa).
Mulai hari ke-34 Tropozoit ditemukan didalam kelenjar ludah </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Siklus aseksual terjadi di dalam tubuh
hospes, dimulai sejak caplak infektif menghisap darah maka Tropozoit juga akan
ikut diinjeksikan. Tropozoit akan paling
aktif meginfeksi sel endotel terutama kelenjar limfe dan limpa untuk
melanjutkan proses Merogoni secara perbanyakan berlifat ganda (Skizogoni),
Makroskizon akan menghasilkan makromerozoit yang nantinya akan menginfeksi
Limfosit dan mengalami skizogoni lagi menghasilkan Isogamet. Syngamy isogamet
menghasilkan Zygot dan berkembang lebih lanjut menghasilkan Tropozoit yang
menginfeksi eritrosit (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Levine, 1994).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
respon imun?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Antibodi serum ditujukan terhadap
antigen permukaan protozoa, dapat melakukan opsonisasi, aglutinasi, dan
membatasi pergerakan protozoa. Antibodi bersama-sama dnegan komplemen dan sel
sitotoksik dapat membunuh protozoa dan sebagian antibodi (disebut ablastin)
dapat menghambat enzim protozoa sedemikian rupa sehingga replikasinya dicegah.
Reaksi lokal hipersensitivitas tipe I yang terjadi, tidak hanya mengganggu
tetapi juga menyebabkan peningkatan permeabilitas pembuluh darah, sehingga
antibodi IgG dapat keluar mencapai daerah infeksi untuk kemudian membatasi,
menangkap, dan menghilangkan organisme tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Antibodi bersama dengan komplemen
dapat menghilangkan organisme yang terdapat bebas dalam cairan tubuh dan dengan
demikian mengurangi penyebaran organisme di antara sel, tetapi pengaruhnya
hanya sedikit atau bahkan tidak sama sekali untuk parasit intraselular.
Organisme intraselular ini dihancurkan melalui respon imun berperantara sel.
Limfosit T yang telah disensitisasi melepaskan limfokin sebagai respon terhadap
ribonukleoprotein dalam toksoplasma. Limfokin ini dapat bereaksi pada makrofag,
mula-mula membuatnya tahan terhadap efek letak terhadap toksoplasma dan kedua
membantu makrofag membunuh organisme intraselular dengan menghilangkan hambatan
pada fusi lisosom dan fagosom. Di samping itu sel T sitotoksik dapat juga
menghancurkan takhizoit toksoplasma dan sel yang tertulari toksoplasma.
Interferon aktif terhadap toksoplasma karena kemampuannya untuk mengaktivasi
makrofag dan merangsang sel sitotoksik (Tizard, 1982).</span><br />
</div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 4.0pt 0cm;">
<div class="MsoTitle">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 14pt;">Daftar
Pustaka</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anonim, 2009. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Theileriosis.
</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/ theileriosis_theileria_parva_and_theileria_annulata.pdf.
Diakses pada 7 Maret 2012</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Levine, N. D. 1994<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.
Parasitologi Veteriner</i>. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tizard, Ian.
1982. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar Imunologi Veteriner</i>.
Philadelphia: W.B Saunders Company.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
</div>Muhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10840615217552522658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1296415248306025992.post-4924941845524689142012-05-17T00:53:00.002-07:002012-05-17T00:53:42.912-07:00Sistem Imun dan Vaksin<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LEARNING
OBJECTIVE</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan
tentang sistem imun (hewan) meliputi:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Respon
tubuh terhadap antigen (bakteri)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor
yang mempengaruhi imunitas</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan
tentang vaksin (pengertian, macam dan pemberian)</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan
tentang sistem imun (hewan) meliputi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 294.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Respon tubuh terhadap antigen
(bakteri)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 294.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat
empat mekanisme dasar kekebalan tubuh yang khusus memerangi infeksi bakteri:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Netralisasi
toksin atau enzim oleh antibodi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemusnahan
bakteri oleh antibodi, komplemen, lisozim</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Opsonisasi
bakteri oleh antibbodi (dan komplemen, yang mengakibatkan fagositosis dan
penghancuran bakteri</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fagositosis
dan penghancuran intraseluler bakteri oleh makrofag yang diaktivasi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Tizard, 1988).</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor
yang mempengaruhi imunitas</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Genetik:
Kerentanan seseorang terhadap penyakit ditentukan oleh gen HLA/MHC</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Umur:
Hipofungsi sistim imun pada bayi </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> mudah
terinfeksi, pada orang tua </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> autoimun dan kangker</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metabolik:
Penderita penyakit metabolik atau Pengobatan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lingkungan
dan nutrisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anatomis:
Pertahanan terhadap invasi, misal kulit, mukosa</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fisiologis:
Cairan lambung, silia trsktus respirator, aliran urin, sekresi kulit yang
bersifat bakterisid, enzim, antibodi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mikrobial
(Darwin. 2012)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan
tentang vaksin (pengertian, macam dan pemberian)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Imunisasi
adalah prosedur untuk meningkatkan derajat immunitas, memberikan imunitas
protektif dengan mengindukasi respons memori terhadap patogen tertentu/toksin
dengan menggunakan preparat antigen nonvirulen/nontoksik (Baratawidjaja, 2010).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vaksin adalah bahan antigenik yang
digunakan untuk menghasilkan kekebalan aktif terhadap suatu penyakit sehingga
dapat mencegah atau mengurangi pengaruh infeksi. Vaksin dibedakan menjadi dua,
yaitu vaksin aktif dan vaksin inaktif (Tizard, 1988).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Macam</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan bahan imun yang
digunakan ada dua jenis vaksin, yaitu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ttenuated
whole-agent vaccines</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· Mempunyai kemampuan proteksi jangka panjang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">V</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">irus yang
telah dilemahkan tersebut dapat bereplikasi di dalam tubuh, meningkatkan dosis
asli, dan berperan sebagai imunisasi ulangan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">eefektifa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> dapat
mencapai 95%</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">eringkali
tidak memerlukan imunisasi ulangan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">idak
disarankan untuk pasien kompromis</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ontoh :
vaksin polio (Sabin), vaksin MMR, vaksin TBC, vaksin demam tifoid</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vaksin hidup
terbuat dari virus hidup yang diatenuasikan dengan cara pasase berseri pada
biakan sel tertentu atau telur ayam berembrio. Dalam proses ini akumulasi dari
mutasi umumnya menyebabkan hilangnya virulensi virus secara progresif bagi
inang aslinya. Didalam vaksin mengandung virus hidup yang dapat berkembang biak
dan merangsang respon imun tanpa menimbulkan sakit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
(Tizard, 1988).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">I</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">nactivated whole-agent vaccines</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">emakai
mikroba yang sudah dibunuh dengan formalin ataupun fenol</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ontoh :
vaksin rabies, vaksin influenza, vaksin polio (Salk), vaksin pneumonia pneumokokal,
vaksin kolera, vaksin pertusis, dan vaksin demam tifoid</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vaksin
inaktif dihasilkan dengan menghancurkan infektivitasnya sedangkan
imunogenitasnya masih dipertahankan dengan cara</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">F</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">isik
misalnya dengan pemanasan, radiasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">hemis,
dengan bahan kimia fenol, betapropiolakton, formaldehid, etilenimin. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan perlakuan ini virus menjadi
inaktif tetapi imunogenitasnya masih ada. Vaksin ini sangat aman karena tidak
infeksius, namun diperlukan jumlah yang banyak untuk menimbulkan respon
antibodi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
(Tizard, 1988).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vaksin sub unit</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vaksin sub
unit merupakan vaksin yang dibuat dari komponen virus Teknik yang relatif baru
dalam produksi vaksin adalah dengan melakukan kloning dari gen virus melalui
rekombinasi DNA, vaksin vektor virus dan vaksin antiidiotipe</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
(Tizard, 1988).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vaksin sub
unit merupakan vaksin yang dibuat dari bagian tertentu dari mikroorganisme yang
imunogenik secara alamiah misalnya hepatitis B, atau virus yang dipisahkan dengan
detergen misalnya influensa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Tizard, 1988).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vaksin idiotipe</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vaksin idiotipe
merupakan vaksin yang dibuat berdasarkan sifat bahwa Fab (fragment antigen
binding) dari antibodi yang dihasilkan oleh tiap klon sel B mengandung asam
amino yang disebut sebagai idiotipe atau determinan idiotipe yang dapat
bertindak sebagai antigen. Vaksin ini dapat menghambat pertumbuhan virus
melalui netralisasai dan pemblokiran terhadap reseptor pre sel B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
(Tizard, 1988).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vaksin rekombinan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vaksin
rekombinan memungkinkan produksi protein virus dalam jumlah besar. Gen virus
yang diinginkan diekspresikan dalam sel prokariot atau eukariot. Sistem
ekspresi eukariot meliputi sel bakteri E.coli, yeast, dan baculovirus. Dengan
teknologi DNA rekombinan selain dihasilkan vaksin protein juga dihasilkan
vaksin DNA. Penggunaan virus sebagai vektor untuk membawa gen sebagai antigen
pelindung dari virus lainnya, misalnya gen untuk antigen dari berbagai virus
disatukan ke dalam genom dari virus vaksinia dan imunisasi hewan dengan vaksin
bervektor ini menghasilkan respon antibodi yang baik </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Tizard, 1988).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vaksin DNA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vaksin DNA <i>(naked
plasmid DNA)</i> , suatu pendekatan yang relatif baru dalam teknologi vaksin
yang memiliki potensi dalam menginduksi imunitas seluler. Dalam vaksin DNA gen
tertentu dari mikroba diklon kedalam suatu plasmid bakteri yang direkayasa
untuk meningkatkan ekspresi gen yang diinsersikan kedalam sel mamalia. Setelah
disuntikkan DNA plasmid akan menetap dalam nukleus sebagai episom, tidak
berintegrasi kedalam DNA sel (kromosom), selanjutnya mensintesis antigen yang
dikodenya. Selain itu vektor plasmid mengandung sekuens nukleotida yang
bersifat imunostimulan yang akan menginduksi imunitas seluler </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Tizard,
1988).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beberapa
kelemahan vaksin DNA bahwa kemungkinan DNA dalam vektor plasmid akan
berintegrasi kedalam genom host/inang, kemungkinan akan menginduksi tumor atau
menginduksi terbentuknya antibodi terhadap DNA. Selain itu vaksin DNA dapat
menginduksi respon imun seluler yang kuat tidak hanya terhadap antigen mikroba
melainkan juga terhadap antigen inangnya. Penelitian lebih lanjut masih
diperlukan untuk mengetahui keamanan vaksin DNA yang efektif terhadap patogen
intraseluler</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Tizard, 1988).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tetes Mata
atau Hidung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tetes Mulut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Air Minum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Injeksi atau
Suntikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tusuk Sayap
atau Wing Web</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Semprot atau
Spray (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Priyono.
2009)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Baratawidjaja,
K G., dan Iris Rengganis . 2010. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Imunologi
Dasar</i>. Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -5.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Darwin, Eryati.
2012. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dasar Imunologi.</i> Padang:
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -5.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Priyono. 2009. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mengenal Berbagai Macam Cara Vaksinasi Pada
Ternak Ayam Ras</i>.
www.ilmupeternakan.com/2009/10/mengenal-berbagai-macam-cara-vaksinasi_15.html.
Diakses 29 februari 2012</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 42.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tizard. 198</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">8</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar
Imunologi Veteriner</i>. Airlangga University Press : Surabaya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>Muhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10840615217552522658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1296415248306025992.post-57937270701712719752012-05-17T00:47:00.003-07:002012-05-17T00:48:46.192-07:00Fowlpox dan Sistem Imun<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">LEARNING
OBJECTIVE</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Jelaskan tentang fowlpox!</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan
tentang sistem imun meliputi pengertian, sifat kekebalan, komponen, dan organ
limfatik!</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">II.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan
tentang fowlpox!</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fowlpox</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
adalah penyakit di seluruh dunia dari unggas yang disebabkan oleh virus dari
keluarga <i>Poxviridae</i> dan genus <i>Avipoxvirus</i> . Virus menyebabkan
fowlpox berbeda dari satu sama lain tapi antigen yang sama, host mungkin
termasuk ayam , kalkun , burung puyuh , burung kenari , burung merpati , dan
spesies lain dari burung. Ada dua bentuk penyakit. Yang pertama disebarkan oleh
gigitan serangga (terutama nyamuk ) dan kontaminasi luka dan menyebabkan lesi
pada sisir , pial , dan paruhnya . Burung dipengaruhi oleh bentuk ini biasanya
sembuh dalam beberapa minggu. Bentuk kedua disebarkan oleh inhalasi virus dan
menyebabkan membran difteri terbentuk dalam mulut, faring , laring , dan
kadang-kadang trakea . (Anonim a, 2011)</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan
tentang sistem imun meliputi pengertian, sifat kekebalan, komponen, dan organ
limfatik!</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
imun adalah suatu sistem pertahanan yang ada dalam tubuh organisme (makhluk
hidup).Sedangkan respon imun adalah </span><span lang="SQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">suatu
reaksi pertahanan tubuh yang ditimbulkan atau muncul akibat adanya/masuknya
benda asing yang masuk ke dalam tubuh
dapat berupa antigen atau imunogen. Dalam suatu respon imun akan
menghasilkan suatu produk yang dinamakan
Antibody dan sel T yang peka/sensitif</span><span lang="SQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(Baratawidjaja,
2004).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat
Kekebalan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
pertahanan tubuh manusia terdiri dari sistem imun alamiah (<i>innate immunity</i>)
dan sistem imun adaptasi (<i>acquired immunity</i>). Sistem imun alamiah
memberikan respon pertahanan yang cepat tapi tidak spesifik dalam melawan jejas
hingga terbentuk respon imun adaptasi yang lebih spesifik. Sistem imun alamiah
terdiri dari struktur yang tetap sedangkan sistem imun adaptasi lebih banyak
fungsinya dan lebih bisa ber-adaptasi (Michel,2003).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
imun nonspesifik merupakan pertahanan tubuh terdepan dalam menghadapi se-rangan
berbagai mikroorganis-me yang telah ada dan siap berfungsi sejak lahir
(Martini, 2001). Sel-sel dalam sistem imun non spesifik meliputi granulosit
yang berfungsi memfagosit atau mencerna, <i>natural killer cells </i>khusus
untuk sel kanker, makrofag dan komplemen yang ke-semuanya berfungsi sebagai
pertahanan pertama terhadap adanya infeksi (Age Work, 2003).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
imun spesifik diperankan oleh sel limfosit T dan limfosit B. Ketika suatu
antigen merangsang respon imun spe-sifik, antigen tersebut mula-mu-la selalu
mengaktifasi sel limfo-sit T. Sekali sel limfosit T tera-ktifasi, sel tersebut
akan melawan antigen dan merangsang aktifasi sel limfosit B. Sel lim-fosit B
yang teraktifasi akan me-rangsang pembentukan antibodi yang akan melawan
antigen tersebut (Martini, 2001). Sistem pertahanan tubuh dapat dibagi menjadi
2 golongan yaitu kekebalan humoral dan selular. Humoral terdapat pada darah
yang dikenal dengan antibodi, juga dapat ditemui sebagai molekul protein serum.
Sedangkan respon selular berupa mekanisme fagositosis dengan cara peningkatan
sensitivitas dari sistem R.E.S (Reticulo endothelial system) yaitu : ginjal,
hati, limpa dan timus(Tizard, 1987).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tipe limfosit antara lain yaitu sel T
dan sel B. Sel T ditemukan dalam peredaran darah hewan tingkat tinggi dan
memegang peranan penting dalam imunitas selular . Sel B pada mamalia dihasilkan
oleh sumsum tulang dan untuk unggas sel B dihasilkan oleh bursa Fabricius, sel
T dihasilkan oleh timus . Selanjutnya sel B menghasilkan antibodi, yang
merupakan salah satu elemen humoral untuk beradaptasi secara imunitas,
sedangkan sel T membantu sel B dengan mengaktivasi makrofag untuk
mempertahankan tubuh terhadap serangan infeksi mikroba (Tizard, 1987).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem imun alamiah terdiri dari sel
dendritik, makrofag, sel NK (<i>natural killer cells</i>). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Makrofag merupakan salah satu sel
yang berperan penting dalam respon imun, baik perperan fungsional dalam
fagositosis maupun perannya sebagai </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">antigen presenting cells </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(APC) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(Michel,2003).
Sel makrofag merupakan salah satu sel yang termasuk dalam kekebalan alamiah
dengan cara menghasilkan subtansi kimia . Selanjutnya substansi ini menjadi
pertahanan sel imun yang penting dengan cara bergerak ke arah sisi yang
diserang oleh sel asing. Makrofag ini mempunyai reseptor pada sel membran untuk
7 macam residu gula. Saat reseptor berikatan dengan residu, makrofag diaktifkan
dan kemudian menghasilkan sitokin. Sitokin inilah yang berfungsi sebagai
pengatur respon imun tubuh(Tizard, 1987).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel <i>natural
killer</i> (NK) adalah suatu limfosit yang berespons terhadap mikroba
intraselular dengan cara membunuh sel yang terinfeksi dan memproduksi sitokin
untuk mengaktivasi makrofag yaitu IFN-γ. Sel NK berjumlah 10% dari total
limfosit di darah dan organ limfoid perifer. Sel NK mengandung banyak granula
sitoplasma dan mempunyai penanda permukaan (<i>surface marker</i>) yang khas.
Sel ini tidak mengekspresikan imunoglobulin atau reseptor sel T (Anonim b,
2009).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel-sel darah yang ikut berperan
dalam sistem imun dalam tubuh adalah sel darah merah dan sel darah putih atau
leukosit dengan turunannya; neutrofil, basofil, aosinofil, limfosit, mastosit
makrofag, sel plasma, sel epitel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Neutrofil
berkembang dalam sumsum tulang dikeluarkan dalam sirkulasi, sel-sel ini
merupakan 60 -70 % dari leukosit yang beredar. Neutrofil merupakan garis depan
pertahanan seluler terhadap invasi jasad renik, menfagosit partikel kecil
dengan aktif. Adanya asam amino D oksidase dalam granula azurofilik penting
dalam penceran dinding sel bakteri yang mengandung asam amino D. Selama proses
fagositosis dibentuk peroksidase. Mielo peroksidase yang terdapat dalam
neutrofil berikatan dengan peroksida dan halida bekerja pada molekultirosin
dinding sel bakteri dan menghancurkannya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah
eosinofil hanya 1-4 % leukosit darah. Eosinofil mempunyai pergerakan amuboid,
dan mampu melakukan fagositosis, lebih lambat tapi lebih selektif dibanding
neutrifil. Eosinofil memfagositosis komplek antigen dan anti bodi, ini
merupakan fungsi eosinofil untuk melakukan fagositosis selektif terhadap
komplek antigen dan antibody. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Basofil
jumlahnya 0-% dari leukosit darah. Granula basofil metakromatik dan mensekresi
histamin dan heparin, dan keadaan tertentu, basofil merupakan sel utama pada
tempat peradangan ini dinamakan hypersesitivitas kulit basofil. Hal ini
menunjukkan basofil mempunyai hubungan kekebalan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Monosit
ditemui dalam darah, jaingan penyambung, dan rongga-rongga tubuh. Monosit
tergolong fagositik mononuclear (system retikuloendotel) dan mempunyai
tempat-tempat reseptor pada permukaan membrannya. Untuk imunoglobulin dan
komplemen. Monosit beredar melalui aliran darah, menembus dinding kapiler masuk
kedalam jaringan penyambung. DaIam darah beberapa hari. Dalam jaringan bereaksi
dengan limfosit dan memegang peranan penting dalam pengenalan dan interaksi
sel-sel immunocmpetent dengan antigen (Tizard, 1987).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Organ
Limfatik</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Daya
pertahanan tubuh digerakkan diseluruh jaringan limfoid, termasuk sumsum tulang,
kelenjar timus, limpa, kelenjar limfe, tonsil dan jaringan limfoid sepanjang
tractus gastrointestinalis, termasuk umbai cacing. Pertahanan ditimbulkan lewat
sel darah putih yang kecil disebut limfosit, yang dibentuk di sumsum tulang (Tjokronegoro,
1978).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">III.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anonim a. 2011. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fowlpox</i>.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowlpox. Diakses 22 Februari 2012</span></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Anonim b. 2009</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">. Imunitas Non Spesifik</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">.</span></h2>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://childrenallergyclinic.wordpress.com/2009/03/24/imunitas-non-spesifik/</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Diakses pada 21 Februari 2012</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Age Work</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, 2003. <i>The Immune System in Perspectives On
Aging : An Intro-duction to Gerontology</i>, http://www-rcf.usc.edu/renold/Class8/immune.htm,
diakses pada 21 Februari 2012</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Baratawidjaja, Garna. 2004. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Imunologi Dasar</i>. Jakarta : UI Press</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Martini, Frederic</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, 2001. <i>Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology</i>,
5 th Ed. Prentice Hall. New Jersey</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Michel J P., Proust J</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">., 2003. <i>Aging and The Immune
System </i>in The Merck Manual of Geriatrics,
http://www.merck.com/pubs/mm_geriatrics/sec16/ ch131.htm, diakses pada 21
Februari 2012</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tizard,
L . 1987 . <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Veterinary Immunology an
Introduction</i> . W.B. Saunders Company. Philadelphia. USA. pp. 1-387</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tjokronegoro,
A. 1978. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pendidikan Imunologi di Fakultas
Kedokteran</i>. Dalam suatu gagasan. Bagian Biologi Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Indonesia. Jil. X, No-8.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>Muhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10840615217552522658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1296415248306025992.post-91880656999630605022012-02-27T07:01:00.001-08:002012-02-27T07:01:48.063-08:00Prosedur IB yang Baik<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</style> <![endif]--> <br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Learning Objective</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana proses preservasi semen dari koleksi sampai post-thawing motility? (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">menurut SNI</i>)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana metode dan prosedur IB yang baik?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa saja kelebihan dan kekurangan IB?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana proses preservasi semen dari koleksi sampai post-thawing motility? (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">menurut SNI</i>)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">1. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pemeriksaan semen segar</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Setelah semen ditampung secepatnya di bawa ke laboratorium untuk diperiksa kualitas maupun kuantitasnya. Setiap semen yang diperiksa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>harus dicatat pada buku pemeriksaan dan ditentukan apakah semen tersebut dapat memenuhi syarat atau tidak untuk diproses menjadi semen beku. Pemeriksaan yang dilakukan adalah secara makroskopis dan mikroskopis. Standar gerakan massa yang dapat diproses adalah 2+ ke atas. Konsentrasi sperma dihitung dengan menggunakan alat spektrofotometer</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Nilna, 2010).</span></div><a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Penyiapan Bahan Pengencer</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Bahan pengencer disiapkan sehari sebelum digunakan diantaranya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengencer sitrat, air kelapa, tris, dll. Setiap bahan pengencer harus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mampu melindungi sperma pada saat pendinginan dan selama glyserolisasi serta mampu mempertahankan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>daya hidup sperma.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Syarat bahan pengencer :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Murah, sederhana dan praktis dibuat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Harus mengandung unsur-unsur yang hampir sama sifat fisik dan kimiawinya dengan semen dan tidak boleh mengandung zat toksik atau zat racun baik terhadap sperma maupun alat reproduksi betina.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Sedangkan fungsinya adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Menyediakan zat makanan sebagai sumber energi bagi permatozoa;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Melindungi sperma terhadap cold shock;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Menyediakan suatu penyanggah untuk mencegah perubahan pH;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Mempertahankan tekanan osmotik dan keseimbangan elektrolit yang sesuai;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Mencegah pertumbuhan kuman;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Memperbanyak volume semen.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Cara membuat bahan pengencer :</span></b></div><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt left 198.0pt 297.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Lakukan desinfeksi pada tempat/meja dan jari-jari tangan dengan menggunakan alcohol 70%.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt left 189.0pt 297.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Gunakan peralatan yang telah disterilisasi.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt left 189.0pt 297.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Persiapan pada bahan baku :</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 72.0pt left 297.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Cek bahan-bahan yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akan digunakan dan letakkan diatas meja.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jangan letakkan bahan-bahan yang tidak akan diapakai diatas meja.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 72.0pt left 297.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Timbang bahan-bahan dengan tepat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 72.0pt left 297.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Jangan lakukan penimbangan bahan-bahan sekaligus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 72.0pt left 297.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Lakukan pencampuran dengan cepat, pencampuran yang lambat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dapat dapat menimbulkan reaksi kimia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang tidak diinginkan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Persiapan telur</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Telur tidak dapat disterilisasi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Gunakan telur yang masih segar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Cuci telur lalu lakukan desinfeksi dengan menggunakan alcohol 70%</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Telur disimpan sebentar dalam lemari es dapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mepermudah pemisahan kuning telur dan putih telur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Masukkan kuning telur ke dalam larutan yang sudah dipanaskan pada saat larutan bersuhu kurang dari 40ºC.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt left 189.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Penyimpanan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 54.0pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Volume larutan yang besar memerlukan antibiotic yang lebih banyak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 54.0pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Pindahkan larutan ke dalam tabung ukur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 54.0pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Simpan larutan didalam lemari es<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada suhu 4-5 ºC, tutup tabung dengan alumunium foil.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 54.0pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Larutan yang sudah disimpan didalam lemari es selama sehari akan memebentuk endapan (sendimen).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 54.0pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Supernatan yang dihasilkan, digunakan sebagai larutan pengencer A.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 54.0pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Endapan yang dihasilkan dari larutan yang disimpan selama 3 hari akan menjadi lebih padat sehingga supernatant akan lebih mudah diambil.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 54.0pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Supernatan yang sudah diambil (larutan pengencer A) dapat disimpan selama 2 minggu di dalam lemari es.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt left 189.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Pembuatan pengencer B</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 54.0pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Pengencer B adalah pengencer A yang sudah ditambah dengan 13% gliserin.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 54.0pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Buat pengencer B sehari sebelum digunakan (agar gliserin benar-benar terlarut dalam larutan A).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 54.0pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Beri tanda masing-masing tabung berisi pengencer A dan B.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Penambahan larutan pengencer</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Perhitungan jumlah spermatozoa motil setelah thawing</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo11; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Hitung data menggunakan computer</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo11; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Hitung persentase spermatozoa motil setelah thawing minimal 40%</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo11; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Jumlah spermatozoa motil minimal 12.000.000 (1 straw berisi 30.000.000).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Perhitungan volume total</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 62.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">V.total (ml) =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>vol.semen (ml) x konsentrasi spermatozoa (jt/ml)</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 62.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Konsentrasi spermatozoa pada 1 ml (cc)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Perhitungan jumlah pengencer</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 62.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Jumlah pengenceran =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>v. total (ml)</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 62.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>v. total semen yang diperoleh (ml)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Perhitungan volume larutan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengencer A2 yang ditambahkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 62.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">V. Larutan pengencer =<u>V.total (ml)</u>- Σ V.semen(ml)+V.lar A1 (ml))</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 62.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A2 yang ditambahkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Perhtiungan volume larutan pengencer B yang ditambahkan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 62.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">V.larutan pengencer B yang ditambahkan (ml)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>V.total (ml)</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 62.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 8;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Perhitungan dosis atau jumlah straw yang digunakan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dosis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= <u>V.total (ml)</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,25</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Contoh Perhitungan:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 37.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Volume total</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 41.4pt; width: 552px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.85pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penampungan ke -</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.15pt;" valign="top" width="146"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Volume Semen (ml)</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Konsentrasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Spermatozoa ml)</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Total konsentrasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">spermatozoa</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.85pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Total</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.15pt;" valign="top" width="146"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6.0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10.0</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.200.000.000</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.000.000.000</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7.200.000.000</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.000.000.000</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">11.200.000.000</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Volume total<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>11.200.000.000</u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>93.33 ml</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>30.000.000 x1/0.25</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jumlah pengenceran</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jumlah Pengencaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>93 ml</u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>9.3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kali</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10 ml<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Volume larutan pengencer A2 yang ditambahkan </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lart. Pengencer A2 yang ditambahkan) = </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u>93 ml</u> -<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>{(6 ml semen + 6 ml lar. A1) + (4 ml + 4 ml lar A1)}<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>26.5</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Volume pengencer B yang ditambahkan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>93 ml </u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>46.5 ml</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Banyaknya dosis yang akan digunakan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dosis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= <u>93 ml</u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>372 dosis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0.25</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Penambahan Pengencer A2 pada Semen</span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Penambahan Pengencer A2</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo14; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Penambahan pengencer A2 sesuai dengan perhitungan yang sudah dilakukan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo14; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Persiapan alat dan bahan :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level3 lfo14; tab-stops: list 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Yang bias digunakan berulang-ulang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: tabung ukur, gelas ukur, handuk.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level3 lfo14; tab-stops: list 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Alat yang sekali pakai : labu elemeyer, glass filter]</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level3 lfo14; tab-stops: list 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Bahan :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>larutan pengencer A</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo14; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Saat penambahan pengencer A2 suhu larutan semen A1 harus 4-5 ºC (suhu larutan yang tinggi dapat menebabkan temperature shock pada spermatozoa)</span></div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Penyaringan semen</span></li>
</ol><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">50 menit kemudian dilakukan pencampuran dengan Part A Extra yang telah disiapkan dalam cool top;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Setelah itu pencampuran dengan Part B dilakukan 4 kali (proses gliserolisasi) dengan interval 15 menit;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kurang lebih 2 ½<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jam setelah pencampuran dengan Part B terakhir (5 jam setelah pencampuran dengan Part A primer), baru dilakukan proses pengisian semen ke dalam straw yang telah disiapkan sebelumnya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Nilna, 2010).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Printing Straw</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Printing straw dilaksanakan bersamaan dengan waktu pengenceran setelah diketahui berapa jumlah straw yang akan dicetak. Straw yang akan diprinting atau dicetak diberi keterangan tentang jenis penjantan, nama penjantan, kode penjantan, batch number dan produsen semen beku tersebut (BIB Tuah Sakato). Jumlahnya tergantung dari banyaknya spermatozoa dalam ejakulasi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Pengecekan bangsa pejantan dengan warna straw :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Holstein<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Abu-abu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Limosin<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pink</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Simental<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Putih tansparan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Brahman<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Biru tua</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Ongole<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Biru muda</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Angus<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Orange</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Brangus<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>hijau tua</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Bali<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>merah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Madura<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>hijau muda</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Melaksanakan printing straw</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 54.0pt left 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Memasukan tinta ke dalam bak tinta pada mesin printing dan mengatur tebal tipisnya warna tinta yang disesuaikan dengan warna straw sehingga kontras (hitam atau putih);</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 54.0pt left 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Memasang kabel fiting ke stop kontak;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 54.0pt left 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Menempelkan bull stamp (jenis, nama, kode pejantan, batch number dan BIB Tauh Sakato) pada roll besar dan mengatur jarak;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 54.0pt left 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Memasukkan straw yang akan diprinting pada tempat straw;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 54.0pt left 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Menjalankan mesin, mencoba dua atau tiga kali/straw untuk diprinting kemudian setelah straw tercetak bagus, mesin dimatikan dengan menekan saklar ke off;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 54.0pt left 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Mengatur counter straw sesuai dengan jumlah straw yang dibutuhkan;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 54.0pt left 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Menjalankan mesin dengan menghidupkan saklar ke on, mesin akan mati sendiri jika jumlah straw telah memenuhi sesuai dengan angka dalam counter;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 54.0pt left 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Straw yang telah diprintingdi masukkan ke dalam kotak plastic dan disimpan di dalam coll top supaya dingin dan disiapkan untuk proses pengisian/filling</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Nilna, 2010).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Filling & Sealing</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Filling & Sealing adalah proses pengisian semen yang telah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diencerkan ke dalam straw dengan menggunakan alat yang bekerja secara otomatis (mesin filling & sealing). Mesin tersebut secara otomatis memasukkan semen cair sebanyak 0,25 cc ke dalam straw dan menutup ujung straw dengan sumbat lab. Proses ini dilakukan di dalam cool top.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Melaksanakan Filling & sealing</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 54.0pt left 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Memasang jarum penghisap, jarum pengisi dan corong tempat semen (taper dish for semen) pada tempatnya;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 54.0pt left 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Memasang straw yang telah diprinting sesuai dengan kode pejantan yang akan diproses;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 54.0pt left 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Menjalankan mesin dan mengatur straw yang akan diisi;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 54.0pt left 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Mengatur jarum supaya masuk ke dalam straw;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 54.0pt left 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Memasukkan semen ke dalam corong semen yang tersedia;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 54.0pt left 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Merubah handle posisi engage sehingga jarum penghisap dan pengisi tepat pada posisi 3 buah straw (jangan merubah handle sewaktu mesin masih berjalan);</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 54.0pt left 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Jalankan vacuum penghisap dengan menekan saklar dari off ke on, sehingga terdengar mesin berbunyi “tit”;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 54.0pt left 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Mesin filling & sealing dijalankan;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 54.0pt left 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mengawasi straw yang sedang diisi, bila jepitnya kurang baik atau terisi, matikan mesin dengan menekan saklar dari on ke off;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 54.0pt left 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Setiap mesin berhenti harus selalu pada posisi sedang menutup/menjepit straw</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Nilna, 2010).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">5.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Freezing / Pembekuan Semen</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Setelah dilaksanakan filling sealing, straw yang berisi semen cair disusun di atas rak dan dihitung jumlahnya, kemudian dibekukan. Proses pembekuan dilakukan di atas permukaan N2 Cair di dalam storage container dengan suhu -110 sampai dengan -120 <sup>0</sup>C selama 9 menit. Suhu tersebut diperoleh bila straw yang disusun di atas rak ditempatkan kurang lebih 4 cm di atas permukaan N2 cair.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jumlah maksimum straw yang dapat dibekukan dalam satu kali pembekuan (9 menit) adalah 550 straw.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Setelah dibekukan semen beku disimpan di dalam storage container yang berisi N2 cair.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jumlah yang didapat dan tempat penyimpanan dicatat di dalam buku pejantan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Nilna, 2010).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana metode dan prosedur IB yang baik?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inseminasi atau deposisi semen ke dalam saluran reproduksi ternak betina merupakan salah satu langkah akhir dalam kegiatan insemi-nasi buatan. Pencurahan semen ke dalam saluran reproduksi ternak betina mamalia dilakukan dengan maksud agar sel telur yang diovu-lasikan ternak betina tersebut dapat dibuahi oleh sperma sehingga ternak betina menjadi bunting dan melahirkan anak. Sedangkan pada ternak unggas betina supaya menghasilkan telur fertil yang selanjutnya dapat ditetaskan. Inseminasi/ deposisi semen harus dilaksanakan pada saat yang tepat, yaitu pada saat ternak betina (mamalia = sapi, domba, kerbau, dsb) itu sedang dalam puncak berahi. Sedangkan pada ternak unggas dilakukan pada ternak betina yang sedang berada dalam periode bertelur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inseminasi/ deposisi semen pada ternak mamalia besar (sapi, kerbau) dilakukan dengan metode recto-vaginal. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inseminasi/ deposisi semen pada ternak mamalia kecil (domba, kambing) menggunakan metode vaginoscope atau speculum. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inseminasi/ deposisi semen pada ternak unggas betina dilakukan dengan metode pengurutan untuk mencuatkan vagina keluar dari rongga kloaka. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semen yang diinseminasikan dapat dalam bentuk semen cair atau semen beku. Aplikator (alat untuk menyampaikan semen) atau insemination gun untuk semen cair berbeda dengan untuk semen beku (Kartasudjana, 2001).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inseminasi pada Ternak Sapi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Persiapan Petugas (Inseminator)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Guntinglah kuku jari-jari tangan (terutama yang sebelah kiri) sampai pendek. Haluskan ujungnya menggunakan kikir.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Periksa apakah ada luka di lengan kiri atau tidak. Kalau ada luka, siapkan sarung tangan plastik panjang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yakinkan bahwa sapi betina yang sedang berahi tersebut tidak sedang bunting dan betul-betul berahi. Lihat catatan perkawinan ternak tersebut dan lihat pula tanda-tanda aksteriornya, terutama bagian vulvanya. Sapi betina yang sedang berahi vulvanya tampak membengkak, basah, berwarna merah, dan mengeluarkan lendir jernih kental. Temperamennya agak gelisah tetapi tenang ketika tubuhnya diusap-usap.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Pelaksanaan Kerja</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kenakan werkpack dan sepatu kandang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tempatkan sapi betina yang sedang berahi pada kandang kawin. Ikat dengan baik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Singsingkan lengan baju sebelah kiri. Apabila ada luka, kenakan sarung tangan plastik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lumuri tangan kiri sampai batas sikut dengan larutan kanji encer atau busa sabun.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hampiri sapi betina dari arah depan atau samping lalu sentuh/tepuk bagian tubuhnya supaya ternak tersebut mengetahui keberadaan kita dan tidak kaget sewaktu kita mulai bekerja.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdiri menghadap bagian belakang sapi dari arah belakang dengan posisi menyerong ke sebelah kanan sekitar 30o – 45o dari poros tubuh sapi. Kaki kiri berada sekitar ¾ langkah di depan kaki kanan sehingga membentuk kuda-kuda yang kokoh tetapi luwes.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tepuk-tepuk bagian bokong sapi (sedikit di bagian atas ekor) kiri dan kanan untuk melihat reaksi kaki belakang sapi tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pegang pangkal ekor sapi dengan tangan kanan, bengkokan ke arah kanan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertemukan kelima jari tangan kiri sehingga membentuk kerucut, kemudian masukkan ke dalam lubang anus (rektum) sapi sampai pergelangan tangan melewatinya. Apabila di dalam rongga rectum terdapat banyak kotoran, keluarkan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah merasa bahwa tangan kiri dapat leluasa berada di ruang rectum, arahkan telapak tangan kiri tersebut ke dasar rectum. Cari bagian saluran reproduksi yang berdinding tebal, yaitu cervix uteri. Tempatkan cervix uteri tersebut dalam genggaman telapak tangan kiri dengan jalan menyodokkan empat jari (telunjuk sampai kelingking) ke bawah cervix uteri.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah cervix uteri teraba, telusuri saluran reproduksi bagian depannya, apakah tanduk uterus kiri dan kanan sama besar atau salah satu lebih besar dari yang lain. Apabila salah satu lebih besar dari yang lain, hewan tersebut kemungkinan sedang bunting dan jangan diinseminasi. Apabila kedua tanduk uterus sama besar, maka hewan tersebut tidak bunting dan perlu diinseminasi. Keluarkan tangan kiri dari dalam rectum. Lepaskan sarung tangan atau bersihkan taangan kiri tersebut dengan air.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Siapkan insemination gun. Lepaskan bagian penusuknya dari batang utama. Usap batang penusuk dan batang utama dengan kapas yang telah dibasahi alkohol 70 %. Teteskan alkohol ke dalam lubang batang utama. Biarkan beberapa lama, lalu kibaskan agak kuat agar bagian dalam batang utama tersebut bebas dari alkohol. Teteskan larutan NaCl Fisiologis untuk menetralisir alkohol dalam lubang batang utama.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masukkan batang penusuk ke dalam batang utama. Sisakan kirakira sepanjang straw.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Buka penutup container nitrogen cair dan angkat satu canister. Ambil satu straw menggunakan pinset dan segera kembalikan posisi canister.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rendam straw dalam air suam-suam kuku sambil digosok-gosok dengan kedua telapak tangan. Angkat dan keringkan menggunakan kertas tissue.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masukkan straw ke dalam lubang, dari ujung depan, batang utama insemination gun, sampai mentok. Gunting ujung straw pada batas kira-kira ½ cm dari ujung insemination gun. Tutup/bungkus batang insemination gun dengan plastic sheet, dan kuatkan pertautannya menggunakan cincin yang sudah tersedia. Inseminasi siap dilakukan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lumuri lagi tangan kiri dengan larutan kanji encer atau busa sabun, masukkan ke dalam rectum dan lakukan penggenggaman cervix uteri. Setelah cervix uteri tergenggam, masukkan insemination gun secara hati-hati ke dalam vagina sapi betina. Arahkan ujung insemination gun ke mulut saluran cervix.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Luruskan arah insemination gun melewati saluran cervix dengan bantuan tangan kiri menggerak-gerakan cervix dan tangan kanan mendorong insemination gun secara hati-hati sampai ujung insemination gun melewati seluruh panjang saluran cervix. Hentikan dorongan tangan kanan ketika ujung insemination gun sudah keluar dari servix uteri (memasuki corpus uteri) kira-kira 1 – 2 cm.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Curahkan semen perlahan-lahan dengan jalan mendorong batang penusuk insemination gun sampai habis. Pencurahan semen selesai. Insemination gun ditarik keluar vagina dan tangan kiri melakukan sedikit pijatan pada corpus dan cervix uteri untuk merangsang gerakan saluran reproduksi sapi betina agar semen terdorong ke bagian depan saluran reproduksi betina.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keluarkan tangan kiri dari dalam rectum. Lepaskan plastic sheet dan straw kosong dari insemination gun, buang ke tempat sampah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bersihkan insemination gun menggunakan kapas beralkohol. Cabut batang penusuknya, lalu tetekan alkohol ke dalam lubang batang utama. Simpan kembali ke tempatnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Catat dalam buku kerja inseminator kegiatan tersebut dan pada buku catatan reproduksi sapi betina yang bersangkutan. Informasi yang harus dicatat adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-Tanggal pelaksanaan inseminasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- Nomor register ternak betina</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-Perkawinan ke berapa bagi ternak betina tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-Nomor pejantan dan kode produksi semen (Kartasudjana, 2001).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inseminasi pada Ternak Domba/Kambing</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tempatkan domba betina yang akan diinseminasi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sisipkan speculum atau vaginoscop bersih yang sudah diberi pelicin vaselin putih pada lubang vagina.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masukkan insemination gun yang sudah berisi semen (cair atau beku) ke dalam vagina.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gunakan lampu kepala untuk melihat lubang saluran cervix sehingga ujung insemination gun dapat diarahkan dengan pasti memasuki saluran cervix uteri.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dorong pelan-pelan insemina-tion gun ke depan sampai melewati saluran yang ditandai dengan hilangnya hambatan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Curahkan semen ke dalam saluran reproduksi domba betina pelan-pelan .</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cabut insemination gun dari vagina.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan pencatatan kegiatan kerja (Kartasudjana, 2001).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inseminasi pada Ternak Ayam</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inseminasi pada ayam dilaksanakan pada sore hari, sekitar pukul 15.00 – 16.00, dengan alasan pada sore hari ayam betina sudah bertelur dan uterusnya kosong. Pada kondisi uterus kosong, vagina dapat dicuatkan keluar rongga kloaka. Sedangkan kalau uterusnya berisi telur, vagina tidak dapat dicuatkan keluar.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inseminasi dilakukan oleh dua orang petugas. Satu orang memegang ayam betina dan bertugas mengeluarkan vagina dari rongga kloaka, satu orang lagi melakukan penyisipan insemination gun dan melepaskan/ mencurahkan semen.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inseminasi pada ayam dilakukan menggunakan semen cair. Aplikator untuk menyampaikan semen dapat menggunakan pipet injeksi tuberculin yang memiliki volume 1 ml.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayam betina dipegang oleh petugas pertama sambil duduk. Ayam betina diurut punggungnya (seperti peng-urutan ayam jantan ketika penam-pungan semen). Ketika ayam mere-gang, lakukan penekanan bagian pu-bis ke arah depan sehingga ayam merejan dan mencuatkan vaginanya. Tekanan dipertahankan supaya vagina tertahan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Petugas kedua memasukkan pipet yang sudah berisi semen ke dalam lubang vagina. Pipet diputar sambil didorong sampai kedalaman 2 – 3 cm. Ketika kedalaman tersebut sudah tercapai, petugas pertama melonggarkan tekanan pada bagian pubis, dan petugas kedua menekan pompa pipet injeksi sehingga semen tercurah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelonggaran tekanan harus dilakukan karena pada kondisi tulang pubis ditekan kuat, ayam merejan yang akan mengakibatkan adanya tekanan balik dari tubuh ayam dan semen yang dicurahkan akan dimuntahkan kembali.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sperma yang diinseminasikan akan bertahan sampai beberapa hari di dalam saluran reproduksi ayam betina dan membuahi beberapa butir (Kartasudjana, 2001).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa saja kelebihan dan kekurangan IB?</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelebihan inseminasi buatan:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempertinggi penggunaan pejantan-pejantan unggul.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada peternak kecil. Tidak perlu susah-susah memelihara pejantan dan biaya untuk memelihara pejantan dapat dapat dipakai untuk membeli hewan lagi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pejantan-pejantan yang dipakai dalam inseminasi buatan telah diseleksi secara teliti dan ilmiah dari hasil perkawinan betina-betina dengan pejantan unggul.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencegah penularan penyakit <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">veneralis</i>, karena tidak ada kontak kelamin sewaktu perkawinan dan pejantan yang digunakan bebas dari penyakit.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semen yang berkualitas tinggi dapat menurunkan jumlah betina yang kawin berulang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memungkinkan perkawinan antar hewan yang sangat berbeda ukuran besarnya tanpa menimbulkan cedera.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memperpanjang waktu pemakaian pejantan, yang secara fisik tidak dapat berkopulasi secara normal.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat dipakai untuk menghasilkan hibrid atau persilangan antara jenis-jenis hewan yang tidak kawin secara sukarela.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menstimulir interese yang lebih tinggi dalam berternak dan praktek manajemen yang lebih baik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memungkinkan perkawinan antara hewan yang terpisah dalam waktu dan tempat (Toelihere, 1993; Rizal, 2008).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekurangan inseminasi buatan:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diperlukan pelaksana yang terlatih baik dan terampil untuk melaksanakan penampungan, penilaian, pengenceran, pembekuan, dan pengangkutan semen dan inseminasi pada hewan betina untuk mencegah penyebaran penyakit <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">veneralis</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan seekor pejantan yang terus menerus dapat menimbulkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">inbreeding</i> yang merugikan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inseminasi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">intra-uterin</i> pada sapi yang bunting dapat menyebabkan abortus.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak dapat digunakan dengan baik pada semua jenis hewan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Toelihere, 1993; Rizal, 2008).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Pustaka</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -45.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilna. 2010. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Standar Operasional Pekerjaan Prosesing Semen</i>. Sumatra Barat: Pengawas Mutu Bibit Ternak pada Dinas peternakan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -45.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Toelihere, Mozes R. 1993. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Inseminasi Buatan Pada Ternak</i>. Bandung: Angkasa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -45.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rizal, Muhammad. 2008. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Inseminasi Buatan Pada Domba</i>. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -45.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kartasudjana, Ruhyat. 2001. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Teknik Inseminasi Buatan Pada Ternak</i>. Jakarta: Direktorat Pendidikan Menengah kejuruan</span></div></div>Muhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10840615217552522658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1296415248306025992.post-21706174118213679872012-02-27T06:57:00.000-08:002012-02-27T06:57:03.485-08:00Partus dan Laktasi Hewan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 4.0pt 0cm;"> <div class="MsoTitle"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Learning Objective</span></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana dan jelaskan:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inisiasi partus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ciri-ciri partus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahapan partus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme hormonal</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penanganan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana dan jelaskan:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme hormonal pada proses laktasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara membuat kolostrum buatan</span></div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 4.0pt 0cm;"> <div class="MsoTitle"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Pembahasan</span></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana dan jelaskan:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inisiasi partus</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme Stimulasi Mekanik</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengembangan uterus karena foetus yang makin besar menyebabkan peninggian sensivitas otot-otot uterus terhadap estrogen dan oxytocin. Argumentasi teori ini berkisar pada kenyataan bahwa foetus kembar lahir lebih cepat daripada foetus tunggal. Akan tetapi dua foetus dapat pula menghasilkan lebih banyak substansi penyebab kelahiran (Toelihere, 1981).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme Imunologik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keseluruhan masa kebuntingan selama 114 hari pada babi dan 285 hari pada sapi mungkin diperlukan untuk mengembangkan respon imunologik terhadap foetus yang dianggap asing karena adanya kontribusi faktor paternal. Walaupun beberapa kelompok sel seperti sel-sel foetal di dalam mangkok-mangkok endometrium pada kuda ditolak oleh jaringan induk, namun tampaknya induk cukup terisoler secara imunologik dari foetus (Toelihere, 1981).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme Hormonal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut teori ini partus diinduksi dengan peningkatan kadar estrogen dalam sirkulasi darah induk. Kadar progesteron memang menurun dan kadar estrogen meninggi pada akhir masa kebuntingan. Hal ini mungkin menggertak pelepasan oxytocin dari neurohypophysa dan menyebabkan kelahiran. Kemungkinan lain ialah gerakan dan dilatasi cervix dan vagina secara refleks menstimulir pelepasan oxytocin (Toelihere, 1981).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ciri-ciri partus</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seiring dengan membesarnya perut, kelenjar mamari juga membesar dan mulai mensekresi zat yang menyerupai air susu. Dapat juga tibul pembengkakan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">edema</i>) pada dinding ventral abdomen kira-kira pada saat yang bersamaan dengan mulainya sekresi kelenjar mamari, terutama apabila ini adalah kebuntingan yang pertama. Vulva membengkak dan biasanya mengeluarkan mukus yang kental. Tanda-tanda yang lain berupa relaksasi dinding abdominal dan flanknya masuk dan perutnya kebawah. Dengan makin dekatnya saat kelahiran, ternak menjadi tidak bisa beristirahat, umumnya mengasingkan diri, merebahkan diri dan bangkit berulang kali, mengeluarkan urine sering kali, dan mulai nampak mengeluarkan tenaga. Anjing dan babi mulai membagun sarang sebelum mengeluarkan tenaga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Frandson, 1992).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebelum kelahiran hewan induk cenderung untuk berkelana sendiri dan terpisah dari kelompoknya untuk mencari tempat perteduhan. Hewab-hewan liar dapat bermukim di tempat perteduhannya berhari-hari, sering tanpa makan atau minum. Dengan mendekatnya partus pernapasan secara gradual dipercepat, kulit mengering, suara membesar, dan hewan menjadi tidak tenang. Sapi induk akan mendengus dan menggaruh-garuk tanah. Babi induk akan menjadi tidak tenang dan sering menggigit-gigit tembok dan pagar mencari jalan keluar. Di dalam kurungan , babi induk mencoba menutupi setiap lubang yang ada seperti tempat air dengan jerami (Toelihere, 1981).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila betina dikagetkan sebelum partus, ia akan menjadi agresif, menandakan proteksi maternal. Terdapat perbedaan bangsa dan individu dalam derajat ketidak-tenangan menjelang partus. Induk yang sudah sering beranak kelihatannya lebih tenang daripada yang baru sekali beranak (Toelihere, 1981).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahapan partus</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap Pertama/Stadium Persiapan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adalah kontraksi uterin yang secara bertahap mendorong kantung air terhadap sisi uterin dari serviks, sehingga menyebabkannya berdilatasi (Frandson, 1992).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ditandai oleh dilatasi cervix dan kontraksi otot-otot uterus longitudinal dan sirkuler. Gerakan ekspulsi ditujukan ke arah cervix. Permulaan timbulnya kontraksi ini memaksa cairan dan membran foetus terdesak ke cervix yang mengendor, dan menyebabkan dilatasi. Pada jenis ternak monotocus, kontraksi dimulai pada apex cornua, sedangkan bagian caudal tetap tenang. Pada memaliah polytocus, kontraksi dimulai tepat cranial dari foetus dekat cervix, dan uterus selebihnya tetap diam. Pada akhir stadium persiapan, cervix mengembang dan memungkinkan uterus dan vagina menjadi satu saluran yang kontinyu. Foetus dan chorioallantois dipaksa masuk ke pintu dalam pelvis dimana chorioallantois dipaksa masuk ke pintu dalam pelvis dimana chorioallantois pecah dan menyebabkan cairan allantois mengalir ke luar melalui vulva (Toelihere, 1981).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap Kedua/Stadium Pengeluaran Foetus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adalah lewatnya bagian-bagian dari fetus melalui serviks ke dalam vagina dengan pecahnya satu atau kedua kantung air yang secara reefleks mengawali kontraksi otot-otot abdominal. Kombinasi antara kontraksi uterus dengan kontraksi abdominal akan mendorong fetus melintasi saluran kelahiran (Frandson, 1992).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Amnion yang terbentang bersama kepala dan bagian kaki depan terdorong masuk ke pintu dalam pelvis. Keadaan ini menimbulkan kontraksi refleks dan volunter dari diaphragma dan otot-otot perut. Kaki-kaki foetus di dalam amnion kini terlihat melalui vulva. Perjalanan foetus keluar melalui cervix ke vagina bersama pecahnya kantong amnion menimbulkan kontraksi-kontrkasi refleks yang mendorong foetus keluar melalui saluran kelahiran (Toelihere, 1981).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada ruminansia, foetus dikeluarkan sewaktu masih bertaut pada membran foetalis. Carunculae terus memberi oksigen dari induk walaupun waktu ekspulsi diperpanjang. Carunculae foetal terakhir tidak dibebaskan dari carunculae maternal sampai anak sudah dilahirkan. Jadi menjamin kelangsungan pemberian oksigen sampai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>anak tersebut sanggup bernapas sendiri. Pada babi dan kuda yang mempunyai placenta difusa, kebanyakan hubungan placental dirombak segera sesudah timbulnya stadium persiapan partus. Sudah seharusnya stadium kedua berlangsung lebih cepat atau foetus akan mati lemas (Toelihere, 1981).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap Ketiga/Stadium Pengeluaran Plasenta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adalah pengeluaran plasenta (Frandson, 1992). Ekspulsi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>membran foetus adalah suatu proses aktif yang berhubungan dengan kontaksi uterus. Kontraksi peristaltik yang berasal dari apex uteri menyebabkan inversi chorioallantois, yang memperlancar ekspulsinya. Pelonggaran vili chorional dari crypta carunculae dapat menyebabkan pengeluaran banyak darah dari villi dan carunculae maternal oleh kontraksi uterus yang kuat yang terjadi selama pengeluaran foetus (Toelihere, 1981).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap Keempat/Stadium Involusi Uterus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sesudah pengeluaran foetus dan placenta, uterus kembali ke ukurannya yang normal seperti sebelum bunting. Proses ini dinamakan involusi uteri dan dapat secara logik dianggap sebagai stadium keempat proses kelahiran. Untuk beberapa minggu sesudah partus, kontaksi uterus terjadi lebih sering daripada normal, kira-kira satu kontraksi setiap 3 menit selama hari pertama. Selama 3 sampai 4 hari berikutnya kontraksi uterus berkurang secara grandual sampai satu kontraksi setiap 10 sampai 12 menit. Maksud kontraksi ini adalah untuk memperpendek sel-sel uterus yang memanjang (Toelihere, 1981).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme hormonal</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penaikan jumlah ACTH yang dilepaskan oleh adenohipofisis fetus. Hal tersebut kemudian, menaikkan sekresi steroid kelenjar adrenal. Meningginya kadar kortikosteroid pada fetus menyebabkan meningginya pelepasan prostaglandin (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">PGF<sub>2α</sub></i>) dari dinding uterin maternal. Prostaglandin kemudian memulai kontraksi miometrial setelah kadar progesteron menurun dan kadar estrogen menaik. Kadar estrogen yang tinggi merangsang kontraksi uterin. Prostaglandin dapat juga merangsang pelepasan oksitosin. Oksitosin disekresi oleh kelenjar neurohipofisis menyebabkan otot uterin berkontraksi (Frandson, 1992).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadar estrogen meninggi selama masa kebuntingan dan mencapai puncak konsentrasinya pada akhir kebuntingan (pada domba dan kambing) atau beberapa saat sebelum partus (pada sapi). Estrogen menyebabkan kontraksi myometrium secara spontan. Jadi estrogen dapat menghilangkan aksi hambatan progesteron atau mempunyai pengaruh langsung terhadap kontraktilitas myometrium (Toelihere, 1981).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penanganan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perawatan Anak Hewan dan Induk Pasca Kelahiran</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada kuda membersihkan moncong dan gerakan inspirasi . Jika gerakan pernafasan tertunda maka perlu memacu pernafasan dengan cara: upayakan kepala dan kaki depan lebih rendah, gosok-gosok dengan kain dadanya, kepala di geleng-gelengkan, lubang hidung di usap 2, Dengan bau 2 yang merangsang atau injeksi seperti adrenalin, coramine, metrazole atau picrotocine, pada anjing dan kucing, masukan ke air hangat dan dingin bergantian</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desinfektan Tali Pusat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika lingkungannya bersih tali pusat tidak perlu didesinfektan. Yang lazim adalah yodium tincture, lar. sublimat dalam alkohol 0,1 %, asam tanat 5 %, asam salisilat 5 % dalam alkohol.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Caranya ujung tali pusat direndam dalam larutan dan ditekan dengan kapas steril.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolostrum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anak hewan baru lahir harus mendapat kolostrum dalam waktu 1 – 2 jam.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Zat kebal dalam kolostrum hanya dapat diabsorbsi dalam waktu 12 – 36 jam. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pemberian kolostrum sangat penting karena a). mengandung antibodi, b). sebagai laksative, c). mengandung protein 5 x, lemak dan mineral 2 x dan mineral 10 x dari susu biasa</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Prihatno, 2012).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana dan jelaskan:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme hormonal pada proses laktasi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Estrogen terutama berkaitan dengan pengembangan sistem duktil pada tiap periode estrus dan sepanjang masa kebuntingan. Progesteron bersama-sama dengan estrogen diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan alveolar yang sempurna. Prolaktin, ACTH (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Adenocorticotrophic hormon</i>), STH <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Somatotropin atau hormon pertumbuhan</i>) dan TSH (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tyroid Stimulating Hormon</i>) kesemuanya mempengaruhi fungsi mamae langsung maupun tidak langsung melalui sasaran organ yang bersangkutan, bersama-sama dengan keterlibatan tidak langsung dari FSH (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Follicle Stimulating Hormon</i>) dan LH (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Luteinizing Hormon</i>). Kemudian semua hormon dari adenohipofisis, disamping steroid ovari terlibat dalam pembentukan kelenjar mamae yang berkembang sempurna. Sebaliknya, pemberian tiroksin dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kortison</i> nampaknya menghambat kelenjar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mamae</i> (Frandson, 1992).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada saat kelahiran progesteron turun sangat mendadak, seperti halnya kadar yang tinggi dari estrogen plasenta. Hal ini mendorong pelepasan prolaktin dari adenohipofisis dengan bekerja pada hipotalamus untuk melepaskan hambatannya terhadap prolaktin. Prolaktin, hormon pertumbuhan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">STH</i>), dan kortikoid adrenal adalah hormon-hormon esensial guna memulai laktasi. Kontraksi aktif dari sel-sel mioepitel di sekitar alveoli dan duktus yang lebih kecil guna <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ejeksi</i> susu (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pengeluaran susu</i>). Sel-sel mioepitel berkontraksi ketika dirangsang oleh oksitosin, suatu hormon yang terdapat dalam neurohipofisis pituitari (Frandson, 1992).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan stimulus berupa pengisapan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sukling</i>) secara teratur dapat mempertahankan sekresi prolaktin pada tingkat yang tinggi, bersama hormon galaktopoetik yang lain<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kesemuanya terlibat dalam proses mempertahankan laktasi (Frandson, 1992).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara membuat kolostrum buatan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">500 ml susu murni</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 sendok teh minyak kastrol atau minyak ikan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 butir kuning telur</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">250 ml air</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">600 ml susu murni</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,5 sendok the minyak kastrol atau minyak ikan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 butir kuning telur</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">300 ml air</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Bila perlu, ditambah dengan antibiotik) (Prihatno, 2012).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 4.0pt 0cm;"> <div class="MsoTitle"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Daftar Pustaka</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Frandson, R D. 1992. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anatomi dan Fisiologi Ternak</i>. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prihatno, Surya Agus. 2012. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kuliah Pengantar Faal partus, puerpurium, EPP,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Laktasi dan Pediatri</i>. Yogyakarta: FKH UGM</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Toelihere, Mozes R. 1981. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fisiologi Reproduksi pada Ternak</i>. Bandung: Angkasa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></div>Muhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10840615217552522658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1296415248306025992.post-32193298792193756482012-02-27T06:54:00.000-08:002012-02-27T06:54:07.960-08:00Perkembangan Embrio Sampai Partus<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 4.0pt 0cm;"> <div class="MsoTitle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;">Learning Objective</span></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana proses perkembangan embrio sampai partus?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana mekanisme hormonal saat bunting?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana ciri kebuntingan dan periode kebuntingan tiap spesies?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa saja metode deteksi kebuntingan?</span></div><div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 4.0pt 0cm;"> <div class="MsoTitle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;">Pembahasan</span></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana proses perkembangan embrio sampai partus?</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">P</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">eriode ovum</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan periode yang dimulai dari fertilisasi sampai terjadinya implantasi. Setelah fertilisasi ovum akan mengalami pembelahan (di ampulla isthmus junction) menjadi morulla. Pada sapi masuknya morula ke dalam uterus terjadi pada hari ke 3—4 setelah fertilisasi, 5-8 pada anjing dan kucing dan hari ke 3 pada babi. Setelah hari ke delapan blastocyst akan mengalami pembesaran secara cepat, lama periode ini pada sapi sampai 12 hari, kuda 12 hari, domba dan kambing 10 hari, babi 6 hari dan anjing serta kucing 5 hari </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Toelihere,1979</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">).</span></div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Periode Embrio/organogenesis</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suatu periode ketika sel-sel berada dalam proses pembentukan organ-organ spesifik dalam tubuh embrio. Merupakan periode dimulainya implantasi sampai saat dimulainya pembentukan organ tubuh bagian dalam. Pada sapi berkisar hari ke 12-45, kucing 6-24, dan kuda 12-50 setelah fertilisasi. Selama periode ini akan terbentuk lamina germinativa selaput embrionik dan organ tubuh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Toelihere,1979</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada periode ini meliputi pembentukan:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 94.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lapisan-lapisan lembaga (germ layer)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo5; tab-stops: 54.0pt 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Endoderm<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Lapisan germ yang paling dalam)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertama tampak ketika suatu lapisan sel tunggal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terdorong keluar dari inner cell mass dan tumbuh mengelilingi blastokul </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan awal/origo dari sistem digesti, hepar, pulmo, organ internal lain</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo5; tab-stops: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mesoderm (Lapisan germ/lembaga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tengah)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lapisan sel2 inner cell mass, yang terdorong di antara endoderm dan ektoderm </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Origo dari sistem skelet, otot, sistem sirkulasi dan sistem reproduksi </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo5; tab-stops: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ektoderm (Lapisan germ yang paling luar)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Origo dari sistem syaraf, organ indera, rambut, gl.mamme </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Toelihere,1979</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Trofoblast akan menjadi:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Amnion</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Non-vaskuler, berisi cairan yang dihasilkan fetus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bantalan untuk proteksi </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Robek saat kelahiran</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yolk sac</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai cadangan makanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mammalia: atropi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Allantois </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penuh dengan pembuluh darah </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyatu dengan chorion (Allantochorion)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membawa darah ke chorion</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Chorion </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membran fetus terluar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melekat pada induk </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Toelihere,1979</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Periode fetus </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Periode ini demulai dari terbentuknya alat-alat tubuh bagian dalam, terbentuknya ekstremitas, hingga lahir. Dimulai kira-kira pada hari 34 kebuntingan (domba dan anjing).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hari ke 45 pada sapi dan hari ke 55 pada kuda. Selama periode ini terjadi perubahan dan diferensiasi organ, jaringan, dan sistem tubuh </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Toelihere,1979</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Partus</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap Pertama: Kontraksi uterus mendorong selaput foetus dan cairannya memasuki cervix yang mengendur.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap Kedua: Tahap ini ditandai oleh pemasukan foetus ke dalam saluran kelahiran yang berdilatasi, ruptura kantong allantois, kontraksi abdominal atau perejanan dan pengeluaran foetus melalui vulva. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap Ketiga: Tahap terakhir proses kelahiran adalah pengelauran selaput foetus adan involusi uterus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Toelihere,1979</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana mekanisme hormonal saat bunting?</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hormon yang paling berperan dalam kebuntingan salah satunya adalah progesterone yang berfungsi menormalkan/menekan kerja hormon estrogen sehingga semua organ bekerja dalam keadaan seimbang (menjaga kebuntingan) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Toelihere,1979</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">).</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Progesteron dari Corpus luteum</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diperlukan selama trimester kebuntingan pertama pada kebanyakan hewan (dapi, kambing, babi, dan kelinci Cl diperlukan sepanjang kebuntingan. Sedangkan pada domba diperlukan selama 50-60 hari kebuntingan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Toelihere,1979</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Progesteron Plasenta</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada manusia, kuda dan domba, progesteron plasenta diperlukan selama trimester kedua dan ketiga kebuntingan untuk menggantikan Progesteron Corpus luteum.Pada kuda terdapat hormon yang juga berpengaruh yaitu ecg disekresikan kira-kira 30 – 140 hari kebuntingan selain itu juga Menginduksi pembentukan Corpus Luteum sekunder. Corpus Luteum sekunder mensuplai sejumlah progesteron untuk mempertahankan kebuntingan Mengalami regeresi kira-kira 150 hari kebuntingan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Toelihere,1979</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Estrogen</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengalami peningkatan mendekati pertengahan sampai akhir kebuntingan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Toelihere,1979</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana ciri kebuntingan dan periode kebuntingan tiap spesies?</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eksternal</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak adanya estrus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rambut terlihat mengkilat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Abdomen cenderung membesar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ambing membesar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berat badan meningkat (Toelihere. 1979).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Internal</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 45.0pt 54.0pt 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vulva dan Vagina</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.0pt 54.0pt 99.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada saat kebuntingan mencapai 6-7 bulan, pada sapi dara akan terlihat adanya edema pada vulvanya. Semakin tua buntingnya semakin jelas edema pada vulva ini. Edema yang terjadi di tandai kebengkakan vulva. Perubahan vagina terlihat sebagai pertambahan vaskularisasi mukosa vagina (Partodihardjo, 1987).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 45.0pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Serviks</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.0pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan yang pertama terjadi ialah pada kelenjar-kelenjar serviks. Kripta-kripta menghasilkan lendir kental, semakin tua umur kebuntingannya semakin kental lendir yang di hasilkannya. Kekentalan lendir ini diperlukan untuk menyumbat lumen serviks (sumbat cervix). Selain perubahan sekresi, serviks mengalami perubahan lain yaitu kontraksi tonus dari muskulatur cerviks, berlangsung selama kebuntingan sampai akhir partus (Partodihardjo, 1987).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 45.0pt 58.5pt 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uterus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.0pt 58.5pt 81.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan pada uterus yang pertama ialah terjadinya vaskularisasi pada endometrium, terbentuk lebih banyak kelenjar endometrium, sedang kelenjar yang telah ada tumbuh lebih panjang berkelok-kelok seperti spiral. Perubahan-perubahan ini terjadi setelah fertilisasi (Partodihardjo, 1987).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 45.0pt 58.5pt 76.5pt 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cairan amnion dan Allantois</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.0pt 58.5pt 76.5pt 81.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembesaran volume uterus pada permulaan kebuntingan sebagian besar disebabkan oleh pertambahan cairan amnion dan allantois, sedang volune enbrio hamper tidak berarti. Pada pertengahan kebuntingan, pertambahan volume cairan menjadi hamper sama pertambahan volume fetus, sedang pada saat masa kebuntingan hendak berakhir, volume uterus dalam ruang abdomen, sebagian besar merupakan volume fetus.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.0pt 58.5pt 76.5pt 81.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Volume cairan amnion dan allantois selama kebuntingan juga mengalami perubahan. Hampir pada semua spesies cairan amnion menjadi lebih banyak daripada volume cairan allantois, tetapi pada akhir masa kebuntingan cairan allantois menjadi lebih banyak.Volume cairan allantois pada kuda ± 10 L, domba ± 1,75 L, sapi ± 20 L (Partodihardjo, 1987).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ovarium</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 4.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terbentuknya corpus luteum (Partodihardjo, 1987).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kornu uteri tidak simetris</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya kantong amnino</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya Penggelinciran selaput janin/ alanto korion</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya fetus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya placentom</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya premitus (Toelihere. 1979).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Periode Kebuntingan Tiap spesies</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spesies</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lama Kebuntingan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuda</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">11 bulan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sapi</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9 bulan 10 hari</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Domba</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5 bulan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Babi</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3 bulan 3 minggu dan 3 hari</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anjing</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2 bulan</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Frandson. 1992)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa saja metode deteksi kebuntingan?</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Palpasi rectal</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan Ultrasonografi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan abdomen</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biopsy vagina</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Essay progesterone</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Radiografi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan hematologi (Junaidi, 2006).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 4.0pt 0cm;"> <div class="MsoTitle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;">Daftar Pustaka</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Frandson, R. D. 1992. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anatomi dan Fisiologi Ternak</i>. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Junaidi, Aris. 2006. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Reproduksi dan Obstetri Veteriner.</i> Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Partodihadjo, Soebadi. 1987. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Reproduksi Hewan</i>. Jakarta : PT. Mutiara Sumber Widya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Toelihere,M.R,. 1979. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fisiologi Reproduksi Pada Ternak</i>. Bandung : Angkasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></div>Muhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10840615217552522658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1296415248306025992.post-51150271260732813002012-02-27T06:50:00.001-08:002012-02-27T06:50:18.883-08:00Estrus, Hormon Reproduksi Betina<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 4.0pt 0cm;"> <div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Learning Objective</span></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana siklus estrus pada hewan betina dan tingkah laku hewan estrus?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana mekanisme hormonal pada sistem reproduksi betina?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana proses fertilisasi?</span></div><div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 4.0pt 0cm;"> <div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan</span></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana siklus estrus pada hewan betina dan tingkah laku hewan estrus?</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Siklus estrus adalah interval waktu, mulai dari permulaan periode estrus yang pertama sampai ke periode estrus berikutnya. Siklus estrus dibagi menjadi berberapa fase yang dapat dibedakan jelas yang disebut proestrus, estrus, metestrus, dan diestrus (Frandson, 1993).</span></div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proestrus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dibawah stimulasi FSH dari adenohipofisis pituitari, dan LH ovari meningkatkan produksi estrogen, yang menyebabkan meningkatnya perkembangan uterus, vagina, oviduk, dan folikel ovari <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Frandson, 1993).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Periode ini ditandai oleh adanya sel-sel ephitelial dengan inti. Sel-sel parabasal dan sel-sel tengah ada dalam jumlah yang besar bersama-sama dengan leukosit dan eritrosit. Pada akhir periode jumlah sel-sel parabasal menurun, sel-sel superfisial ,uncul, jumlah dari eritrosit dan leukosit menurun (Junaidi, 2006).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Estrus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Estrus adalah periode penerimaan seksual pada hewan betina, yang terutama ditentukan oleh tingkat sirkulasi estrogen. Selama atau segera setelah periode itu terjadilah ovulasi. Ini terjadi dengan penurunan tingkat FSH dalam darah dan penaikan tingkat LH. Estrus berakhir kira-kira pada pecahnya folikel ovari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau terjadinya ovulasi (Frandson, 1993).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemecahan folikel terjadi secara spontan pada kebanyakan spesies hewan. Akan tetapi pada kucing, kelinci, mink, ferret dan beberapa hewan lainnya, pemecahan itu hanya dapat terjadi apabila berlangsung koitus. Karena disebabkan oleh tertundanya refleks neuroendokrin yang melibatkan pelepasan hormon dari pituitari, yang disebabkan oleh stimulasi karena koitus. Maka hal ini disebut juga ovulator refleks (Frandson, 1993).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Didominasi oleh sel-sel superfisial, sel-sel yang tidak berinti dan beberapa eritrosit dapat muncul (Junaidi, 2006).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metestrus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adalah fase pasca ovulasi dimana korpus luteum berfungsi. Panjangnya metestrus dapat tergantung pada panjangnya waktu LTH (luteotropik hormon) disekresi oleh adenohipofisis. Selama ini terjadi penurunan estrogen dan penaikan progesteron yang dibentuk oleh ovari (Frandson, 1993).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diestrus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adalah periode yang relatif pendek antara siklus estrus pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hewan-hewan poliestrus. (Frandson, 1993).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adalah periode terakhir dan terlama siklus birahi pada ternak-ternak mamalia. Corpus luteum menjadi matang dan pengaruh progesteron terhadap saluran reproduksi menjadi nyata<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Toelihere, 1981).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurunnya jumlah sel-sel superfisial dan munculnya kembali sel-sel parabasal dan sel-sel tengah (Junaidi, 2006).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anestrus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adalah periode antar musim kawin (Frandson, 1993).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ditandai oleh ovarium dan saluran kelamin yang tenang dan tidak berfungsi. Beberapa aktifitas dapat berkembang tetapi pematangan folikel dan ovulasi jarang terjadi selama periode anestrus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Toelihere, 1981).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dominan sel intermediet dan parabasal (Budiyanto. 2012)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkah Laku Estrus</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selama Estrus, sapi betina menjadi sangat tidak tenang, kurang nafsu makan, dan kadang-kadang menguak, dan berkelana mencari hewan jantan. Ia mencoba menaiki sapi-sapi betina lain dan akan diam berdiri bila dinaiki. Selama estrus ia akan tetap berdiri bila dinaiki pejantan dan pasrah menerima pajantan untuk untuk berkopulasi. Vulva sapi tersebut dapat membengkak, memerah dan penuh dengan sekresi mucus transparan (terang tembus, seperti kaca) yang menggantung dari vulva atau terlihat di sekeliling pangkal ekor (Toelihere, 1981).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Domba betina yang birahi akan mendekati dan memperhatikan pejantan, menggoyang-goyangkan ekornya dan akan diam berdiri bila dinaiki pejantan. Ia jarang menaiki betina-betina lain. Domba betina tersebut tidak mensekresikan lendir selama estrus dan vulva tidak oedematous (Toelihere, 1981).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala-gejala birahi sering sangat intensif pada babi betina. Ia akan memisahkan diri dari kelompoknya dan mengembara beberapa kilometer untuk mencari pejantan. Babi betina yang birahi sangat sedikit menaruh perhatian pada makanan dan sering mengeluarkan suara-suara rendah dan singkat. Apabila punggungnya ditekan ia mengambil posisi diam atau posisi kawin (mating stance). Malahan respon ini dapat diperlihatkannya apabila mendengar suara-suara babi jantan baik secara langsung atau melalui pita perekam. Vulvanya bengkak selama estrus tetapi tidak terlihat sekresi mucus (Toelihere, 1981).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuda betina yang birahi akan mengizinkan kuda jantan mencium dan menggigitnya tanpa memberi perlawanan, sering mengangkat ekornya dan kencing. Ia akan berdiri diam bila dinaiki pejantan. Labia vulva dapat menguak dan memanjang dengan clitoris yang erektif (Toelihere, 1981).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komparasi Pubertas & Estrus</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuda</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.85pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sapi</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.65pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Domba</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.7pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Babi</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.8pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anjing</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pubertas</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">18 bln</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(10-24 bln)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.85pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4-24 bln</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.65pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4-12 bln</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.7pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3-7 bln</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.8pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6-24 bln</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkawinan pertama</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2-3 thn</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.85pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">14-22 bln</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.65pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">12-18 bln</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.7pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8-10 bln</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.8pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">12-18 bln</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Siklus estrus</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">21 hr</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(19-21 hr)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.85pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">21 hr</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(18-24 hr)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.65pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">16,5 hr</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(14-20 hr)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.7pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">21</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(18-24 hr)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.8pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6-12 bln</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lama Estrus</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5 hr</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(4,5-7,5 hr)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.85pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">18 jam</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(12-28 jam)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.65pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">24-48 jam</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.7pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2 hr</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(1-5 hr)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.8pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9 hr</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(5-19 hr)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Periode Kebuntingan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">336 hr</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(323-344)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.85pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">282 hr</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(274-291)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.65pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">150 hr</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(140-160)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.7pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">144 hr</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(110-116)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.8pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">63 hr</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(60-65)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ovulasi</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1-2 hr</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sebelum akhir estrus</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.85pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10-15 jam</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">setelah berakhir estrus</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.65pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">12-24 jam</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sebelum estrus berakhir</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.7pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">30-36 jam</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah permulaan estrus</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.8pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1-2 hr</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah permulaan estrus sejati</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saat terbaik untuk kawin</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3-4 hr</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebelum berakhir estrus atau hr kedua/ketiga estrus</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.85pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Segera sebelum pertengahan estrus sampai akhir estrus</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.65pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">18-24 jam</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah permulaan estrus</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.7pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">12-30 jam</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah permulaan estrus</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.8pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2-3 hr setelah permulaan estrus sejati, atau 10-14 hr setelah permulaan pendarahan proestrus</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saat perkawinan terbaik setelah kelahiran</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kira-kira 25-35 hr, atau estrus kedua</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.85pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">60-90 hr</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.65pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Musim gugur berikutnya (daerah subtropis)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.7pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Estrus 1</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3-9 hari setelah sapih</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.8pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Umumnya estrus 1</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Atau 1/3 bulan setelah sapih</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Frandson, 1993).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komparasi Siklus Estrus</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis Hewan</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proestrus</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(hari)</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Estrus</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.25pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metetrus</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(hari)</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.25pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diestrus</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(hari)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sapi</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">12-24 jam</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.25pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3-5</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.25pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">13</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuda</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4-7 hari</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.25pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3-5</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.25pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6-10</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Babi</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2-4 hari</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.25pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3-4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.25pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9-13</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Domba</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1-2 hari</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.25pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3-5</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.25pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7-10</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Toelihere, 1981).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana mekanisme hormonal pada sistem reproduksi betina?</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> </div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">GnRH</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Adenohypofisa</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">FSH</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ovulasi</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">LH</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Corpus Luteum</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Inhibin</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pertumbuhan folikel</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Estradiol (Estrogen)</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Progesteron</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Feedback (<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ )</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Feedback ( - )</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hypothalamus</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">LTH (Prolaktin) (99(Prolaktin)</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Neurohypofisa</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Oxytocin</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div> <div class="MsoNormal">Partus</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div> <div class="MsoNormal">Laktasi</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div> <div class="MsoNormal">Prostaglandin</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div> <div class="MsoNormal">Relaxin</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Organ Repro</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Kebuntingan</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Plasenta</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Uterus</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hormon reproduksi betina dan fungsinya</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: -1.7pt; width: 668px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.2pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelenjar</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 180.5pt;" valign="top" width="241"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hormon</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 226.45pt;" valign="top" width="302"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.2pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hipotalamus</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 180.5pt;" valign="top" width="241"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -15.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -15.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prolaktin Inhibiting Hormone</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -15.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prolaktin Releasing Hormone</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 226.45pt;" valign="top" width="302"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melepaskan FSH dan LH</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Retensi Prolaktin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melepaskan ACTH</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.2pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adenohypophysa</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 180.5pt;" valign="top" width="241"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.6pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">FSH</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.6pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LH</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.6pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prolaktin (Luteotropic Hormone)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 226.45pt;" valign="top" width="302"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertumbuhan folikel</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelepasan estrogen, Ovulasi , pelepasan progesterone</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelepasan progesterone, masa laktasi</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.2pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Neurohypophysa</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 180.5pt;" valign="top" width="241"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oxytocin</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 226.45pt;" valign="top" width="302"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses partus, kontraksi uterus, penurunan produksi susu</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.2pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ovarium</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 180.5pt;" valign="top" width="241"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.6pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Estradiol</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.6pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Progesteron</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.6pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Relaxin</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 226.45pt;" valign="top" width="302"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempertahankan sifat-sifat kelamin sekunder dan sisitem saluran kelamin betina</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelakuan kelamin betina</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stimulasi kelenjar susu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mobilisasi lemak dan Ca pada unggas</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Implantasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempertahankan kebuntingan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stimulasi kelenjar susu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Relaksasi cervix uteri</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inhibisi kontraksi uterus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemisahan symphsis pubis</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 27.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 27.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.2pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Placenta</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 180.5pt;" valign="top" width="241"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.6pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCGI) pada primate</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.6pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pregnant Mare’s Serum (PMS) pada kuda</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.6pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Estradiol</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.6pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Progesteron</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.6pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Relaxin</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 226.45pt;" valign="top" width="302"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seperti LH</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seperti FSH</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelenjar utama betina</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk Kehamilan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertumbuhan glandula<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mamae</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 27.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 27.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.2pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uterus</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 180.5pt;" valign="top" width="241"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prostaglandin</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 226.45pt;" valign="top" width="302"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Regresi korpus luteum</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses partus</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Toelihere,1981)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana proses fertilisasi?</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk masuk ke dalam ovum,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>spermatozoa pertama-tama harus menembus massa cumulus bila masih ada, lalu zona pellucida, dan membrana vitellinum (Toelihere,1981)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap-tahap:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sperma kontak dengan zona pelucida, badan kutub pertama telah disingkirkan inti telur sedang mengalami pembelahan meiotik yang kedua</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sperma telah menembus zona pelucida, dan kini bertaut pada membran vitellus. Hal ini merangsang reaksi zona, yang ditandai oleh bayangan yang menyelusur sekeliling zona pelucida</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kepala sperma terambil dalam vitellus, dan terletak tepat dibawah permukaan yang terungkit diatasnya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sperma kini hampir seluruhnya berada didalam vitellus. Kepala sperma membengkak. Vitellus berkurang volumenya, dan badan polar kedua telah disingkirkan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pronuclei jantan dan betina mulai berkembang . Mitocondria berkumpul disekitar pronuclei</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pronuclei berkembang sempurna dan mengandung banyak nucleoli. Pronucleus jantan lebih besar daripada betina</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fertilisasi telah sempurna. Pronuclei telah menghilang diganti oleh kelompok-kelompok chromosom yang telah bersatu di dalam propase pada pembagian cleavage pertama (Toelihere,1981)</span></div><div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 4.0pt 0cm;"> <div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Pustaka</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Budiyanto, Agung. 2012. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kuliah Pengantar Blok 9</i>. Yogyakarta: FKH UGM</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Frandson, RD. 1993. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anatomi dan Fisiologi Ternak.</i> Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Junaidi, Aris. 2006. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Reproduksi dan Obstetri pada Anjing</i>. Yogyakarta Gadjah Mada University Press</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Toelihere, M.R. 1981. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fisiologi Reproduksi Pada Ternak</i>. Bandung : Penerbit Angkasa</span></div></div>Muhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10840615217552522658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1296415248306025992.post-13323422134879887922012-02-27T06:43:00.003-08:002012-02-27T06:43:59.576-08:00Spermatogenesis, Koleksi, Evaluasi Semen<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 4.0pt 0cm;"> <div class="MsoTitle"><span style="color: windowtext;">Learning Objective</span></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana proses spermatogenesis dan mekanisme hormonalnya?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa saja komposisi semen?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana metode koleksi semen beserta kelebihan dan kekurangannya?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana cara evaluasi semen?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi kualitaas dan metabolisme semen?</span></div><div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 4.0pt 0cm;"> <div class="MsoTitle"><span style="color: windowtext;">Pembahasan</span></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana proses spermatogenesis dan mekanisme hormonalnya?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spermatogenesis</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dibagi atas 4 tahap yaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap proliferasi, dimulai sejak sebelum lahir sampai beberapa waktu setalah lahir. Bakat sel kelamin yang ada pada lapisan basal dari tubulus seminiferus melepaskan diri dan membelah secara mitosis sampai mengahasilkan banyak spermatogonia. Ada dua tipe spermatogonia, yaitu tipe A dan B. Tipe A selalu membagi diri dengan pembelahan mitosis menghasilkan sel spermatogonia tipe A dan B, sedangkan spermatogonia tipe B membelah menjadi 2 spermatosit primer.</span></div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap tumbuh, pada tahap ini spermatogonia membagi diri secara mitosis sebanyak empat kali sehingga dihasilkan 16 spermatosit primer. Lama periode ini 15-17 hari.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap menjadi masak, terjadi pembelahan miosis sehingga sel spermatosit primer berubah menjadi spermatosit sekunder dan jumlah kromosom menjadi separonya. Periode ini berjalan selama 15 hari. Beberapa jam kemudian spermatosit sekunder akan berubah menjadi spermatid.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap transformasi. Pada tahap ini terjadi proses metamorfosa seluler dari sel spermatid sehingga terbentuk sel spermatozoa atau sel mani. Periode ini membutuhkan waktu 15 menit, dari 1 sel spermatogonium akan terbentuk 64 buah sel mani (Hardjopranjoto, 1995)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme Hormonal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa saja komposisi semen?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sperma</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Plasma Semen</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdiri dari natrium, kalium, buffer citrat dan bikarbonat, Fruktosa sebagai sumber makanan bagi sperma, mucoprotein, peptida, asam-asam amino bebas, lipida, asam-asam lemak, vitamin-vitamin, beberapa enzim, antiaglutinin, Sorbitol, inositol, glycerylphosphoryl-choline (GPC), ergothioneine, prostaglandin pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jantan berfungsi untuk pengosongan kelenjar-kelenjar prostata dan vesikularis ketika kopulasi, pada betina untuk menggertak kontraksi myometrium yang secara pasif membantu pengangkutan semen ke tempat pembuahan di tuba fallopi (Toelihere, 1981)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana metode koleksi semen beserta kelebihan dan kekurangannya?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Post-Coitus</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip: Dengan cara mengambil langsung sperma sesudah perkawinan alami dengan spons, sendok, tampon dll</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelebihan: Sangat Mudah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekurangan: Sperma tercampur dengan cairan dalam vagina sehingga dapat menyebarkan penyakit, kualitas sperma yang didapat tidak baik karena kotor (Toelihere, 1993)..</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masase</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip: Dengan cara mengurut kelenjar-kelenjar vasikula seminalis dan ampula dari depan ke belakang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelebihan: Dapat digunakan untuk pejantan yang impoten, tidak sanggup berkopulasi secara alam, atau tidak dapat melayani vagina buatan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelemahan: Semen berkualitas rendah karena terkontaminasi dengan jasad-jasad renik pada prepotium, sekresi kelenjar accesoris yang tinggi, dan mebutuhkan keahlian teknisi (Toelihere, 1993)..</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vagina buatan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip: Dengan alat yang mirip dengan vagina pada betina. Hewan dibiarkan mounting pada teaser, lalu penis diarahkan ke dalam vagina buatan dan semen ditampung.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelebihan: Kualitas semen yang dihasilkan lebih baik dari metode post-coitus, masase dan elektroejakulasi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelemahan: Membutuhkan pejantan yang mempunyai libido yang tinggi, dan dapat menaiki betina (Toelihere, 1993)..</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Elektroejakulasi</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip: Stimulasi sumsum tulang belakang antara lumbal keempat dan sakral pertama dengan memasukkan satu elektoda kedalam rektum.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelebihan: Dapat digunakan untuk sapi-sapi unggul, tetapi pincang, lumpuh, cedera, lamban, impoten, dan tidak sanggup menaiki pemancing. Kualitas semen yang dihasilkan lebih baik daripada metode post-coitus dan masase.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelemahan: Kualitas semen yang dihasilkan masih dibawah metode vagina buatan karena lebih banyaknya sekresi dari kelenjar pelengkap (Toelihere, 1993). Membutuhkan alat elektoejakulator yang masih sulit didapat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana cara evaluasi semen</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">?</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan Makro</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Volume</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100.0%;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.34%;" valign="top" width="43%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 15.66%;" valign="top" width="15%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sapi</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 15.66%;" valign="top" width="15%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Domba</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.66%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Babi</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.66%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuda</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.34%;" valign="top" width="43%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah penampungan/minggu</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 15.66%;" valign="top" width="15%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1-6</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 15.66%;" valign="top" width="15%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7-25*</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.66%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2-5</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.66%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2-6*</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.34%;" valign="top" width="43%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Volume (ml)</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 15.66%;" valign="top" width="15%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5-8</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 15.66%;" valign="top" width="15%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,8-1,2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.66%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">150-200**</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.66%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">60-100</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.34%;" valign="top" width="43%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsentrasi (juta/ml)</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 15.66%;" valign="top" width="15%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1000-1800</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 15.66%;" valign="top" width="15%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2000-3000</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.66%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">200-300</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.66%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">100-150</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.34%;" valign="top" width="43%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah sperma/ejakulat</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 15.66%;" valign="top" width="15%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4,8</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 15.66%;" valign="top" width="15%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,0</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.66%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">37,5</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.66%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8,4</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.34%;" valign="top" width="43%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pH</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 15.66%;" valign="top" width="15%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6,8</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 15.66%;" valign="top" width="15%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6,8</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.66%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7,4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.66%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7,4</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.34%;" valign="top" width="43%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sperma motil (%)</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 15.66%;" valign="top" width="15%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">65</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 15.66%;" valign="top" width="15%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">75</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.66%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">70</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.66%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">65</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.34%;" valign="top" width="43%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sperma morfologik normal (%)</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 15.66%;" valign="top" width="15%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">85</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 15.66%;" valign="top" width="15%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">90</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.66%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">80</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.66%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">80</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">*Satu dua hari istirahat/minggu. **Volume tanpa bahaan gelatinous </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Toelihere, 1993).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Warna</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hewan</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Warna</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sapi dan domba</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kental berwarna krem</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuda dan babi</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Encer berwarna terang</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Toelihere, 1993).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsistensi</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Warna</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsentrasi</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Krem</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1-2 milyar sel/ml</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Susu Encer</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">500-600 juta sel/ml</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berawan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">100 juta sel/ml</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jernih</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><50 juta sel/ml</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Toelihere, 1993).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan Mikro</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gerakan Masa</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 69.2pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kualitas</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Simbol</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 307.85pt;" valign="top" width="410"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ciri-ciri</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 69.2pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sangat baik</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">+++</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 307.85pt;" valign="top" width="410"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terlihat gelombang-gelombang besar, banyak, gelap, tebal, dan aktif bagaikan gumpalan awan hitam dekat waktu hujan yang bergerak cepat berpindah-pindah</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 69.2pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Baik</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">++</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 307.85pt;" valign="top" width="410"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terlihat gelombang-gelombang-gelombang kecil, tipis, jarang, kurang jelas, dan bergerak lamban</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 69.2pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lumayan</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">+</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 307.85pt;" valign="top" width="410"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak terlihat gelombang melainkan hanya gerakan-gerakan individual aktif progresif</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 69.2pt;" valign="top" width="92"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Buruk</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">N <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(necrospermia atau O)</i></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 307.85pt;" valign="top" width="410"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hanya sedikit atau tidak ada gerakan individual</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Toelihere, 1993).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Motilitas Individual</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100.0%;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.68%;" valign="top" width="7%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilai</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.32%;" valign="top" width="92%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ciri-ciri</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.68%;" valign="top" width="7%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.32%;" valign="top" width="92%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spermatozoa imotil atau tidak bergerak</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.68%;" valign="top" width="7%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.32%;" valign="top" width="92%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gerak berputar di tempat</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.68%;" valign="top" width="7%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.32%;" valign="top" width="92%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kurang dari 50% bergerak progresif</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.68%;" valign="top" width="7%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.32%;" valign="top" width="92%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antara 50-80% spermatozoa bergerak progresif</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.68%;" valign="top" width="7%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.32%;" valign="top" width="92%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pergerakan progresif yang gesit dengan 90% sperma motil</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.68%;" valign="top" width="7%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.32%;" valign="top" width="92%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gerakan yang sangat progresif, menunjukkan 100% motil aktif</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Toelihere, 1993).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsentrasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan Menghitung Jarak antar Kepala Sperma</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.25pt;" valign="top" width="206"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilai</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 191.35pt;" valign="top" width="255"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jarak Antar Kepala Sperma</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.5pt;" valign="top" width="155"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsentrasi</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.25pt;" valign="top" width="206"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Densum (D) atau padat </span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 191.35pt;" valign="top" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurang dari panjang 1 kepala</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.5pt;" valign="top" width="155"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1000-2000 juta sel/ml</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.25pt;" valign="top" width="206"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semidensum (SD) atau sedang</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 191.35pt;" valign="top" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sama dengan penjang 1-1,5 kepala</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.5pt;" valign="top" width="155"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">500-1000 juta sel/ml</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.25pt;" valign="top" width="206"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rarum (R) atau jarang</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 191.35pt;" valign="top" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melebihi panjang kepala atau sama dengan panjang seluruh sperma</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.5pt;" valign="top" width="155"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">200-500 juta sel/ml</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.25pt;" valign="top" width="206"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oligospermia (OS) atau sedikit sperma</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 191.35pt;" valign="top" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memiliki panjang seluruh sperma atau lebih</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.5pt;" valign="top" width="155"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><200 juta sel/ml</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.25pt;" valign="top" width="206"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aspermia</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 191.35pt;" valign="top" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak terlihat sperma dalam semen</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.5pt;" valign="top" width="155"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak ada sperma</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Toelihere, 1993).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan Hemocytometer</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hisap semen pada tanda 0,5, hisap sedikit gelembung udara</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hisap pengencer (NaCl 0,9%) sampai tanda 1,01</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Buang 4-5 tetes</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tempatkan gelas penutup pada bulik hitung, teteskan campuran semen pada tepi gelas penutup dan biarkan menyebar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hitung dengan mikroskop dengan pembesaran 100x</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada 5 kotak besar, Setiap kotak besar dibagi-bagi menjadi 25 kotak kecil. Penghitungan dilakukan pada 4 kotak kecil disetiap sudut dan 1 kotak kecil di tengah. Bisa juga menggunakan pola diagonal.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hitung dengan teknik membentuk huruf L, jumlah sperma terhitung dikalikan 1 juta/ ml (Toelihere, 1993).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolorimeter Fotoelektrik</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memperkirakan turbiditas atau kepekatan optik suatu semen. Fotoelektrik memungkinkan pengukuran sejumlah berkas sinar yang diarahkan dan diabsorpsi oleh suatu standar volume semen yang diencerkan (pengencer: sitras natricus 1:40) (Toelihere, 1993)..</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pewarnaan Hidup Mati</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan zat warna eosin-negrosin. Eosin akan mewarnai sperma yang mati menjadi merah atau merah muda karena permebilitas dinding sel sperma membesar ketika mati, sedangkan sperma yang hidup tetap tidak berwarna. Negrosin memberi latas belakang biru-hitam.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Morfologi sperma</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan pewarnaan dengan tinta cina atau eosin-negrosin. Dapat diketahui sperma yang normal dan abnormal.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran aktifitas Metabolik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peubahan derajat keasaman</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengikatan oksigen</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indeks Fruktolisa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reduksi Biru Methylen</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resistensi Spermatozoa (Toelihere, 1993).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi kualitas dan metabolisme semen?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Makanan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suhu dan Musim</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Frekuensi Ejakulasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Libido dan Faktor-Faktor Psikhik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengangkutan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode Koleksi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Umur</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Herediter</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gerak badan (Toelihere, 1993).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 4.0pt 0cm;"> <div class="MsoTitle"><span style="color: windowtext;">Daftar Pustaka</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -38.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hardjopranjoto, Soehartojo. 1995. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Kemajiran pada Ternak</i>. Surabaya: Airlangga University Press</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Toelihere, Mozes R. 1981. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fisiologi Reproduksi pada Ternak</i>. Bandung: Angkasa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Toelihere, Mozes R. 1993. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Inseminasi Buatan pada Ternak</i>. Bandung: Angkasa</span></div></div>Muhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10840615217552522658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1296415248306025992.post-64013646919660075392012-02-27T06:39:00.003-08:002012-02-27T06:39:23.744-08:00Breeding Soundness Examination<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if !mso]> <style>
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</style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1027"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> <br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Learning Objective</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan pengertian Breeding Soundness Examination (BSE) dan kriteria penilaiannya?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana mekanisme kerja hormon reproduksi jantan?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana respon seksual pada hewan jantan?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan pengertian Breeding Soundness Examination (BSE) dan kriteria penilaiannya?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">adalah pemeriksaan kemampuan dari bull untuk memproduksi sperma yang fertil. Breeding Soundness Examination (BSE) dilakukan oleh dokter hewan dan pemeriksaan harus dilakukan sedikitnya 30-60 hari sebelum musim perkawinan, bull baru atau rutin 1 kali dalam setahun. Pemeriksaan Breeding Soundness Examination (BSE) dibagi menjadi 3 yaitu:</span></div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diameter scrotum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ukuran diameter testis merupakan pelengkap dari pemeriksaan BSE. Diameter dari testis berhubungan langsung dengan kapasitas produksi semen. Setiap gram testis dapat memproduksi 15 juta sperma/hari. Total produksi sperma paling sedikit 6 milyar perhari. Penelitian yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa besarnya ukuran testis sapi jantan merupakan factor keturunan.</span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 640px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 29.2pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="background: #BBE0E3; border-bottom: solid white 3.0pt; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 29.2pt; padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt; width: 240.0pt;" valign="top" width="320"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">umur </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="background: #BBE0E3; border-bottom: solid white 3.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: solid white 1.0pt; height: 29.2pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt; width: 240.0pt;" valign="top" width="320"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lingkar skrotum (cm) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 29.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="background: #E7F3F4; border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 29.2pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 3.0pt; padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt; width: 240.0pt;" valign="top" width="320"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">≤ 15 bulan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="background: #E7F3F4; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.2pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 3.0pt; padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt; width: 240.0pt;" valign="top" width="320"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">30 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 29.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="background: #F3F9FA; border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 29.2pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 1.0pt; padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt; width: 240.0pt;" valign="top" width="320"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">15 – 18 bulan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="background: #F3F9FA; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.2pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 1.0pt; padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt; width: 240.0pt;" valign="top" width="320"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">31 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 29.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="background: #E7F3F4; border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 29.2pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 1.0pt; padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt; width: 240.0pt;" valign="top" width="320"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">18 – 21 bulan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="background: #E7F3F4; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.2pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 1.0pt; padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt; width: 240.0pt;" valign="top" width="320"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">32 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 29.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="background: #F3F9FA; border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 29.2pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 1.0pt; padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt; width: 240.0pt;" valign="top" width="320"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">21 – 24 bulan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="background: #F3F9FA; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.2pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 1.0pt; padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt; width: 240.0pt;" valign="top" width="320"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">33 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 29.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="background: #E7F3F4; border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 29.2pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 1.0pt; padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt; width: 240.0pt;" valign="top" width="320"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">> 24 bulan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="background: #E7F3F4; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.2pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 1.0pt; padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt; width: 240.0pt;" valign="top" width="320"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">34 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(Gustari. 2011)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Evaluasi fisik </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Evaluasi fisik meliputi penampilan keseluruhan dari bull tersebut. Pemeriksaan dilakukan secara internal dan eksternal.</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Internal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemeriksaan transrektal digunakan untuk mengevaluasi kesehatan organ atau saluran reproduksi skunder sapi pejantan yang meliputi Uretra, prostate, vesikula semilunalis, ampula dan vasdeferent. Abnormalitas biasanya terjadi inflamasi pada vesikula semilunalis, condisi tersebut dapat menyebabkan hewan pejantan menjadi infertile.</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Eksternal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Evaluasi bentuk scrotum adalah bagian terpenting dalam pemeriksaan eksternal. Idealnya, sapi jantan harus cukup gemuk, yang mempunyai BCS 6 merupakan standar untuk tubuh sapi sebelum dilakukan proses perkawinan. Produksi sperma hanya terjadi ketika suhu agak lebih rendah dari tubuh. Bentuk scrotum dapat mempengaruhi produksi sperma. Sebagai contoh sapi jantan yang mempunyai bentuk scrotum dan testis menempel atau melekat pada tubuh memiliki masalah dengan pengaturan suhu sehingga dapat menyebabkan subfertil. Sebagai alternative, sapi jantan dengan scotum yang terlalu menggantung dapat menyebabkan subfertil yang lebih besar karena kecenderungan mengayun dan rusak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Palpasi testis dan epididimis dan pemeriksaan penis dapat mendeteksi abnormalitas yang dapat mempengaruhi performan dari perkawinan. Pemeriksaan kesehatan secara lengkap dari fisik atau kondisi hewan. Sapi jantan harus mempunyai bentuk yang baik dan penglihatan yang baik. Sapi sapi tersebut harus mampu berjalan dengan jarak yang panjang, kepincangan, radang sendi (Arthritis), tapak kaki abses dan penyakit pada telapak kaki tidak hanya mempengaruhi kemampuan kawin tetapi juga mempengaruhi produksi sperma apabila sapi jantan menghabiskan waktu dengan berbaring. Abnormalitas pada sapi tersebut dapat mempengaruhi kualitas dan produksi semen. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Evaluasi semen</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Motilitas semen</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Parameter standar untuk motilitas sperma tidak lebih dari 30%. Motilitas dari sperma tidak seharusnya digunakan sebagai ukuran kesuburan dari pejantan tersebut, hal ini dikarenakan factor dari suhu, waktu, konsentrasi, kontaminasi dan metode evaluasi dapat mempengaruhi nilai motilitas semen. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Morpologi semen</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Morpologi normal sperma adalah 70%. Abnormalitas dari semen dibagi menjadi 2 yaitu factor utama dan faktor skunder, tergantung seperti apakah cacat yang terjadi didalam testis atau setelah sperma meninggalkan testis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Abnormalitas dapat terjadi dari berbagai factor seperti keturunan, kondisi yang stress, infeksi, meningkatnya suhu testis atau juga factor lain. Abnormalitas yang terjadi dapat bersifat sementara ataupun permanen, maka sapi pejantan harus diuji lagi 6 sampai 8 minggu kemudian (Anonim. 2008).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="0" width="102"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td><img height="423" src="file:///C:/Users/HPPAVI%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="485" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana mekanisme kerja hormon reproduksi jantan?</span></b> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 26.7pt; width: 586px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">GLANDULA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">HORMON</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 262.3pt;" width="350"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">FUNGSI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td rowspan="3" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hypothalamus</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gonadotropin releasing hormone</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(Gn-RH)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 262.3pt;" valign="top" width="350"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Stimulasi pelepasan gonadotropin ( FSH dan LH )</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PIF</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> (Prolactin inhibiting hormone )</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 262.3pt;" valign="top" width="350"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menghambat Prolactin</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PRF</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 262.3pt;" valign="top" width="350"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pelepasan Prolactin</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td rowspan="3" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hypophysis Anterior (Adenohypophysa)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">FSH</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 262.3pt;" valign="top" width="350"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -15.85pt;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Merangsang spermiogenesis dlm testis dgn kegiatannya pada spermatogonia dan sel – sel sertoli</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -15.85pt;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Merangsang sel – sel sertoli untuk menghasilkan inhibin dan androgen binding protein</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">LH kadang disebut ICSH</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 262.3pt;" valign="top" width="350"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Merangsang sel – sel Leydig untuk memproduksi testosteron dan androgen lainnya.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PROLACTIN </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 262.3pt;" valign="top" width="350"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Meningkatkan reseptor site hormon utk LH di testis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td rowspan="3" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Testis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Androgen (di hasilkan Leydig cells)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 262.3pt;" valign="top" width="350"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tingkah laku kawin </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Spermatogenesis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perawatan sistem reprod. Jantan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Testosteron</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 262.3pt;" valign="top" width="350"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 15.85pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perkembangan sifat – sifat kelamin sekunder.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 15.85pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Merawat sistem reprod. Jantan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 15.85pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Libido.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 15.85pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memfungsikan otot tunika dartos dlm scrotum.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 15.85pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memfungsikan gl.accessoria.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 15.85pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Spermatocytogenesis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 16.75pt; text-indent: -16.75pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diferensiasi seksual organ–organ kelamin luar & penurunan testes kedalam srotum pada foetus atau hewan yang baru lahir.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 16.75pt; text-indent: -16.75pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">8. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keratinisasi epithel praeputium, pemisahan glans penis dari praeputium, & pertumbuhan penis dan praeputium pada pubertas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 16.75pt; text-indent: -16.75pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">9. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertumbuhan & kelangsungan fungsi kelenjar–kelenjar kelamin pelengkap untuk menghasilkan cairan/plasma semen sewaktu ejakulasi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 16.75pt; text-indent: -16.75pt;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Libido&kesanggupan utk ereksi& ejakulasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 16.75pt; text-indent: -16.75pt;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: IN;">11. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifat –sifat kelamin yang khas pada hewan jantan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 16.75pt; text-indent: -16.75pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: IN;">12. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kelangsungan sekretoris dan aktivitas absorbsi dan struktur ductuli efferentes testes, epidydimis, dan ducti defferentia termasuk ampulla.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 16.75pt; text-indent: -16.75pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: IN;">13. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mempertahankan <i>spermiogenesis</i> / perkembangan dan pematangan spermatid dan spermatozoa di dalam saluran testikuler.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 16.75pt; text-indent: -16.75pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: IN;">14. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memperpanjang umur sperma dalam epididymis.Dengan menyebabkan <i>retensi nitrogen</i>, androgen mempunyai aktivitas metabolik terhadap protein yang meliputi seluruh tubuh organisme </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Inhibin </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 262.3pt;" valign="top" width="350"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mencegah pelepasan FSH</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(Toelihere, 1977)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana respon seksual pada hewan jantan?</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Percumbuan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Masing-masing spesies menunjukkan percumbuan yang berbeda. Dalam beberapa hal pejantan mencoba memisahkan seekor betina yang birahi dari betina lainnya. Mengusir pejantan muda atau yang lebih rendah tingkat sosilanya dari betina tersebut/ memanerkan kejantanannya dengan menggesekkan hidungnya kearah perineal hewan betina atau mengeluarkan suara-suara yang khas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mounting</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pada kehadiran betina yang proestrus, pejantan mencoba menaiki betina tersebut beberapa kali, penis berereksi secara partial dan keluar dari preputium. Percobaan penunggangan umunya tidak berhasil, bila hewan betina cukup respektif, kopulasi dapat terjadi dalam beberapa menit. Pada aktivitas ini pejantan mengekspresikan tetesan cairan pelengkap dari kelenjar cowper.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pejantan meletakkan dagunya di bagian belakang betina dan betina merespon dengan berdiri/ memberi tekanan punggung. Kemudian pejantan naik, memfikser kaki depan pada pinggul betina, mendekapnya erat-erat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(grasping)</i> dan mengadakan dorongan-dorongan pelvis ritmik ke depan. Babi dan kuda menaiki betina kemudian turun berulangkali, ada hewan yang sekali naik langsung berkopulasi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Intromission</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bila pejantan sudah menaiki betina otot-otot perut terutama rektus abdominis berkontraksi tiba-tiba, akibatnya daerah pelvis pejantan segera terbawa berhadap-hadapan dengan alat kelamin luar betina. Pada babi sebagian penis keluar dari preputium, mendorong pelvisnya sehingga ujung penis memasuki vulva, setelah itu penis baru keluar semua dan intromisi berlangsung. Pada kebanyakan ternak intromisi terjadi satu kali setiap kopulasi, pada kuda menggerakkan pelvisnya beberapa kali menyebabkan pembesaran dan penegangan penis untuk intromisi maksimum.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ejakulasi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Semen diejakulasikan: sapi: dekat atau pada os servic; Domba: processus filiformis berputar dan semen dispray pada os servic; babi: uterus dan scervic; kuda: uterus dan servic (vagina). Bisa terjadi ejakulasi abortif bila betina menolak intromisi/ penis pejantan tidak berhasil memasuki vulva. Selama ejakulasi otot-otot kaki belakang berkontraksi, pernapasan bertambah cepat, kepala menunuduk dan seluruh tubuh relaks. Setelah ejakulasi, pejantan turun dan penisnya segera beretraksi ke dalam preputium (</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Toelihere. 1977).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Pustaka</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anonim. 2008. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Breeding Soundness Examination (BSE) pada Sapi</i>. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.vet-klinik.com/Peternakan/Breeding-Soundness-Examination-BSE-pada-sapi.html. Diakses 21 Desember 2011</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gustari. 2011. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Breeding Soundness Examination</i>. Yogyakarta: Kuliah Pengantar FKH UGM pada 21 Desember 2011</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Toelihere, Mozes R. 1977. <i>Fisiologi Reproduksi Hewan Ternak</i>. Bandung: Penerbit Angkasa</span></div></div>Muhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10840615217552522658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1296415248306025992.post-78388709802312037232012-02-27T06:26:00.003-08:002012-02-27T06:26:47.093-08:00Kesejahteraan Hewan Laboratorium<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Learning Objective</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa definisi dari hewan laboratorium dan animal model? Contoh!</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana kriteria hewan laboratorium berdasarkan prinsip kesrawan?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana bioetik hewan lab?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa saja Undang-Undang dan organisasi yang mengatur tentang hewan laboratorium?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa definisi dari hewan laboratorium dan animal model? Contoh!</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian hewan laboratorium(HL) secara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>umum yaitu : hewan yang dipiara secara intensif di laboratorium.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut Penjelasan atas Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 18Tahun 2009, yang dimaksud dengan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“hewan laboratorium”</b> adalah hewan yang dipelihara khusus sebagai hewan percobaan, penelitian, pengujian, pengajaran, dan penghasil bahan biomedik ataupun dikembangkan menjadi hewan model untuk penyakit manusia (Sulaksono. 1987).</span></div><a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arti luas: Dapat meliputi semut sampai gajah, selagi hewan itu dipiara secara khusus di laboratorium. Sedangkan secara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sempit yang tercakup dalam HL adalah mencit, tikus, marmot, kelinci, kucing, anjing, kera, unggas dan hewan yang relative kecil yang disiapkan untuk eksperimentasi (UFAW, 1987).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kesejahteraan hewan laboratorium adalah kondisi dimana hewan laboratorium, yang dipelihara khusus untuk tujuan percobaan dan lain sebagainya, memiliki keadaan fisiologis dan psikologi yang sesuai untuk menunjang kualitas hidupnya, sesuai dengan Five Freedom. Selain itu juga terdapat pedoman untuk menggunakan hewan laboratorium, yakni 3R dari Russel & Burch :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Replacement </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setiap metode yg menggunakan materi yang tidak dapat merasa (<i>non-sentient material</i>) sebagai pengganti metode yg menggunakan vertebrata hidup yg mempunyai kesadaran. Seperti contohnya dengan menggunakan teknologi canggih dengan komputer modeling, daripada menggunakan hewan asli yang hidup.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Reduction </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengurangi jumlah hewan digunakan untuk memperoleh sejumlah informasi dan ketetapan tertentu. Dari satu ekor hewan saja dapat digunakan untuk beberapa kali ataupun penelitian yang berbeda. Jangan sampai membuang-buang atau memboroskan organ yang tidak digunakan. Gunakan seefisiensi mungkin dari satu ekor hewan percobaan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Refinement </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengurangan indikasi atau keparahan (<i>severity</i>) prosedur yang tidak berperikemanusiaan (<i>inhumane</i>) yang diterapkan pada hewan harus digunakan<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. Sedapat mungkin kita mengurangi rasa sakit yang dirasakan oleh hewan yang diujicobakan. Gunakan prosedur yang baik untuk “memakai” mereka.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana kriteria hewan laboratorium berdasarkan prinsip kesrawan?</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal-hal yang harus dipertimbangkan dalam penggunaan hewan sebagai hewan percobaan dengan mempertimbangkan kesejahteraan hewan laboratorium : </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan eksperimen</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spesies hewan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Durasi <i>discomfort</i> atau <i>distress</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah hewan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Potensi realistik pencapaian tujuan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Durasi eksperimen (lama hidup hewan)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kualitas perawatan hewan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemungkinan timbul nyeri</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kredibilitas peneliti (Salasia, 2007 ).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Five Freedom of Animals</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah satu konsep mengenai animal welfare yang banyak dipakai oleh para penyayang binatang adalah konsep dari <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">World Society for Protection of Animals </span>(WSPA). Konsep <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">animal welfare</span> dari WSPA dikenal dengan nama <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Five (5) Freedom</span>“</b>. Ketentuan ini mewajibkan semua hewan yang dipelihara atau hidup bebas di alam memiliki hak-hak/kebebasan berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Freedom from hunger and thirst</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (bebas dari rasa lapar dan haus).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Freedom from discomfort</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (bebas dari rasa panas dan tidak nyaman).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Freedom from pain, injury, and disease</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (bebas dari luka, penyakit dan sakit)<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Freedom from fear and distress</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (bebas dari rasa takut dan penderitaan).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Freedom to express normal behavior</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (bebas mengekspresikan perilaku normal dan alami) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(</span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: text1;">Abrianto, 2009</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana bioetik hewan lab?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Didasarkan pada Kesejahteraan Hewan (Animal Welfare) yang merupakan status fisik maupun psikologik hewan, sebagai penghargaan atas usahanya dalam menanggulangi terhadap lingkungan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, yang tidak terlepas dari bioetik yang antara lain mencakup hal-hal berikut ini:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Studi tentang isu etik dan pengambilan keputusan yang berkaitan dengan penggunaan organisme hidup</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tidak berpikir bahwa kita selalu dapat menemukan satu pemecahan yang benar untuk masalah etik. Bisa ada pilihan yg berbeda, sesudah refleksi etik (direnungkan)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Prinsip<sup>2</sup> etik yang fundamental dapat membantu pengambilan keputusan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bioetik: adalah pembelajaran bagaimana menyeimbangkan perbedaan keuntungan (benefits), resiko (risks) dan tugas (duties)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Bioetika pada animal model di laboratorium meliputi beberapa aspek</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">, yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Penelitian </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Personil</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Perawatan dan perkandangan pada hewan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Asal-usul hewan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Prosedur eksperimental</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Berbagai bidang penelitian</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Pengetahuan tentang penggunaan hewan laboratorium</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ruang Hewan Laboratorium</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persyaratan ruang<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Standar ruang hewan percobaan adalah luas lantai ± 20 m<sup>2 </sup>berbentuk segiempat siku-siku, dengan tinggi 2,5-3,0 m. Ruang ini memberi kemudahan pemeliharaan lingkungan, pengawasan hewan dan tidak mengganggu hewan yang dipiara di dalamnya (Mangkoewidjojo, 2006).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Persyaratan kandan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">g<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.35pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bisa dipelihara secara individual atau kelompok. Sebaiknya kandang dibuat dari logam tahan karat, logam divalganisasi atau plastik. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 54.75pt; width: 568px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.4pt;" valign="top" width="91"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hewan</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 9.75pt center 48.6pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Berat badan(g)</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.0pt;" valign="top" width="168"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Luas lantai/ekor(cm<sup>2</sup>)</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 123.7pt;" valign="top" width="165"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tinggi kandang(cm)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.4pt;" valign="top" width="91"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mencit</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><10</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10-15</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15-20</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">>25</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.0pt;" valign="top" width="168"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">39</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">52</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">77</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">97</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 123.7pt;" valign="top" width="165"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12,7</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12,7</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12,7</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12,7</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.4pt;" valign="top" width="91"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tikus</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><100</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">100-200</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">200-300</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">300-400</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">400-500</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">>500</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.0pt;" valign="top" width="168"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">110</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">148</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">187</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">258</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">387</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">452</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 123.7pt;" valign="top" width="165"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17,8</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17,8</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17,8</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17,8</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17,8</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17,8</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 68.4pt;" valign="top" width="91"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelinci</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(kg)</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><2</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2-4</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4-5,4</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">>5,4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.0pt;" valign="top" width="168"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(m<sup>2</sup>)</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,14</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,28</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,37</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,46</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 123.7pt;" valign="top" width="165"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(cm)</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">35,6</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">35,6</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">35,6</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">35,6</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div align="right" class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 288.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: right;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Mangkoewidjojo, 2006)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Faktor lingkungan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.35pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Suhu, kelembaban relatif, kualitas udara harus dipertahankan stabil. Harus diperhitungkan daya tampung maksimal ruang.</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 58.5pt; width: 568px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.0pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hewan</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suhu</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelembapan relatif</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.0pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mencit</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18-26<sup>0</sup>C</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">40-70℅</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.0pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tikus</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18-26<sup>0</sup>C</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">40-70℅</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.0pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelinci</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16-26<sup>0</sup>C</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">60℅</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.1pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ventilasi ruang mampu mengalirkan udara 15-20 kali setiap menit. Penerangan bisa diatur terang gelap 12 jam bergantian. Hewan harus terhindar dari suara bising baik yang terdengar ataupun tidak (ultrasonik) (Mangkoewidjojo, 2006).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pakan dan air minum</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pakan<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: 134.85pt; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 98.2pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.05pt;" valign="top" width="284"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 134.9pt; mso-element-top: 98.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hewan</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.05pt;" valign="top" width="284"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 134.9pt; mso-element-top: 98.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g/hewan/hari</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.05pt;" valign="top" width="284"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 134.9pt; mso-element-top: 98.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mencit</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.05pt;" valign="top" width="284"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 134.9pt; mso-element-top: 98.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3-4</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.05pt;" valign="top" width="284"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 134.9pt; mso-element-top: 98.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tikus</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.05pt;" valign="top" width="284"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 134.9pt; mso-element-top: 98.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15-20</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.05pt;" valign="top" width="284"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 134.9pt; mso-element-top: 98.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelinci</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.05pt;" valign="top" width="284"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 134.9pt; mso-element-top: 98.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">30-300(40g/kg bb)</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.35pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pakan bervariasi tergantung hewan itu. Hewan briding, hewan muda atau hewan yang lebih tua. Pakan berbentuk pelet sering digunakan daripada tepung untuk mengurangi perubahan komposisi dan diperlukan untuk membuat aus gigi. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Pakan sebaiknya disimpan pada suhu 15-16<sup>0</sup>C dan dihabiskan paling lama 4-6 </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 261.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: right; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Mangkoewidjojo, 2006)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Air minum</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.35pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Air minum tersedia tanpa dibatasi dan dapat diberikan dalam botol dengan pipa yang dilengkapi ”klep” peluru bulat yang terletak di ujung pipa. Untuk mencegah pertumbuhan kuman, air minum dapat diasamkan atau dikhlorisasi (Mangkoewidjojo, 2006).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Alas tidur dan kebersihan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Alas tidur</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.35pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Alas tidur harus dapat menyerap kebasahan dan bau dengan baik, serta bebas dari bahan kimia pencemar. Meskipun alas tidur harus bersifat higroskopis, tetapi tidak boleh sampai menimbulkan dehidrasi terutama pada anak mencit/tikus. Alas tidur harus lunak, tidak tajam, murah, mudah diganti, dan dapat digunakan untuk sarang. Bahan-bahan alas tidur yang bermanfaat misalnya kayu pasahan, sekam, tongkol jagung yang digerus. Untuk hewan SPF harus disterilkan dengan autoklaf (Mangkoewidjojo, 2006).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pembersihan dan disinfeksi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Disinfektan yang dapat bekerja baik misalnya:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Na hipochlorid 0,1 ℅</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Larutan etanol 25 ℅</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Larutan Na hidroksida 30 mM</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Larutan glutaraldehid 0,01 ℅</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kandang, rak kandang, botol, dan alat lain harus dibersihkan paling sedikit sekali seminggu. Alas tidur harus diganti kurang lebih dua kali seminggu (Mangkoewidjojo, 2006).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa saja Undang-Undang dan organisasi yang mengatur tentang hewan laboratorium?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam undang-undang no. 18 tahun 2009<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tentang peternakan dan kesehatan hewan di atur pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENJELASAN ATAS UNDANG-UNDANG REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 18 TAHUN 2009 TENTANG PETERNAKAN DAN KESEHATAN HEWAN</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB I UMUM</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disadari bahwa pengaturan dalam Undang-Undang ini belum sepenuhnya mencakup aspek kehewanan dalam arti luas. Jangkauan pengaturan baru pada hewan budi daya, yaitu ternak, hewan kesayangan, dan hewan laboratorium. Untuk itulah diperlukan suatu undang-undang tersendiri yang mengatur mengenai aspek kehewanan secara komprehensif termasuk pengaturan praktik kedokteran hewan (veteriner). Selain upaya tersebut, dalam menciptakan suasana yang kondusif dalam penyelenggaraan peternakan dan kesehatan hewan, dikembangkan sistem jaminan penegakan hukum berupa pengenaan sanksi, baik sanksi administrasi maupun sanksi pidana, terhadap perbuatan yang dapat menimbulkan kerugian negara atau kepentingan orang banyak.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasal 66 UU No. 18 Tahun 2009:</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bagian Kedua: Kesejahteraan Hewan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasal 66</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(1) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk kepentingan kesejahteraan hewan dilakukan tindakan yang berkaitan dengan penangkapan dan penanganan; penempatan dan pengandangan; pemeliharaan dan perawatan; pengangkutan; pemotongan dan pembunuhan; serta perlakuan dan pengayoman yang wajar terhadap hewan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(2) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketentuan mengenai kesejahteraan hewan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dilakukan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>secara manusiawi yang meliputi:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">penangkapan dan penanganan satwa dari habitatnya harus sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundangan-undangan di bidang konservasi; </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">penempatan dan pengandangan dilakukan dengan sebaik-baiknya sehingga memungkinkan hewan dapat mengekspresikan perilaku alaminya;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pemeliharaan, pengamanan, perawatan, dan pengayoman hewan dilakukan dengan sebaikbaiknya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sehingga hewan bebas dari rasa lapar dan haus, rasa sakit, penganiayaan dan penyalahgunaan, serta rasa takut dan tertekan;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pengangkutan hewan dilakukan dengan sebaik-baiknya sehingga hewan bebas dari rasa takut dan tertekan serta bebas dari penganiayaan;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">penggunaan dan pemanfaatan hewan dilakukan dengan sebaik-baiknya sehingga hewan bebas dari penganiayaan dan penyalahgunaan;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">g. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pemotongan dan pembunuhan hewan dilakukan dengan sebaik-baiknya sehingga hewan bebas dari rasa sakit, rasa takut dan tertekan, penganiyaan, dan penyalahgunaan; dan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">h. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">perlakuan terhadap hewan harus dihindari dari tindakan penganiayaan dan penyalahgunaan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(3) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketentuan yang berkaitan dengan penyelenggaraan kesejahteraan hewan diberlakukan bagi semua jenis hewan bertulang belakang dan sebagian dari hewan yang tidak bertulang belakang yang dapat merasa sakit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(4) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketentuan lebih lanjut mengenai kesejahteraan hewan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), ayat (2), dan ayat (3) diatur dengan Peraturan Menteri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penjelasan Pasal 66 ayat 4:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ayat (4)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Termasuk dalam ketentuan yang diatur dalam Peraturan Menteri, antara lain, adalah pengembangan Komite Kesejahteraan Hewan Nasional untuk membina komisi kesejahteraan hewan laboratorium di berbagai instansi dalam rangka pendidikan, pelatihan, penelitian, dan pengembangan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pasal 27 ayat (1)</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bagian Keempat Budi Daya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasal 27 (1) Budi daya merupakan usaha untuk menghasilkan hewan peliharaan dan produk hewan. (2) Pengembangan budi daya dapat dilakukan dalam suatu kawasan budi daya sesuai dengan ketentuan tata ruang sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 5. (3) Penetapan suatu kawasan budi daya sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) diatur berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri dengan berpedoman pada peraturan perundang-undangan di bidang penataan ruang. (4) Pelaksanaan budi daya dengan memanfaatkan satwa liar dilaksanakan sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan di bidang konservasi sumber daya alam hayati dan ekosistemnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">YANG DIJELASKAN SEBAGAI BERIKUT :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasal 27 Ayat (1) Yang dimaksud dengan "menghasilkan hewan peliharaan", antara lain, mendomestikasikan satwa liar menjadi ternak, hewan jasa, hewan laboratorium, dan hewan kesayangan. Yang dimaksud dengan "hewan jasa", antara lain, adalah hewan yang dipelihara untuk memberi jasa kepada manusia untuk menjaga rumah, melacak tindakan kriminal, membantu melacak korban kecelakaan, dan sebagai hewan tarik atau hewan beban. Yang dimaksud dengan "hewan laboratorium" adalah hewan yang dipelihara khusus sebagai hewan percobaan, penelitian, pengujian, pengajaran, dan penghasil bahan biomedik ataupun dikembangkan menjadi hewan model untuk penyakit manusia. Yang dimaksud dengan "hewan kesayangan" adalah hewan yang dipelihara khusus sebagai hewan olah raga, kesenangan, dan keindahan. Ayat (2) "Kawasan budidaya peternakan" adalah lokasi pengusahaan ternak dalam suatu wilayah kabupaten/kota yang ditetapkan berdasarkan kesesuaian agroklimat, ketersediaan sarana dan prasarana, potensi wilayah, dan potensi pasar. Ayat (3) Cukup jelas Ayat (4) Cukup jelas (Anonymous 1, 2009).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Deklarasi Helsinki dari World Medical Association tentang Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects butir 11dan 12</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Butir 11</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Penelitian kesehatan yang mengikutsertakan manusia sebagai subyek penelitian harus memenuhi prinsip-prinsip ilmiah yang sudah diterima secara umum. Ini didasarkan pada pengetahuan yang seksama dari kepustakaan ilmiah dan sumber lain, percobaan di laboratorium yang memadai, dan bila diperlukan, lakukan percobaan pada hewan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Butir 12</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Keberhati-hatian(caution) yang wajar harus diterapkan pada penelitian yang dapat mempengaruhi lingkungan, maupun kesejahteraan hewanyang digunakan dalam penelitian, harus dihormati.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="DefaultCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">TH.1985 :</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS)</span></span></b></div><div class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menetapkan :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">INTERNATIONAL GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH INVOLVING ANIMAL (11 Prinsip Pedoman Internasional</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">untuk Penelitian Biomedik yang berhubungan dengan hewan)</span></span></div><div class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kemajuan ilmu hayati, serta perbaikan cara pengobatan untuk manusia dan hewan di masa depan masih membutuhkan penelitian dengan menggunakan hewan percobaan.</span></div><div class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Model matematik, simulasi komputer dan penggunaan jaringan biologis secara in-vitro harus digunakan, apabila diperlukan. </span></div><div class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Penggunaan hewan percobaan dilakukan, apabila benar benar bermanfaat untuk kepentingan kesehatan manusia, dan kemajuan ilmu kedokteran atau ilmu hayati.</span></div><div class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Spesies hewan percobaan yang digunakan harus yang tepat, dengan jumlah minimal, dan kualitas yang baik, sehingga menghasilkan hasil penelitian yang valid.</span></div><div class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Peneliti harus mampu memperlakukan hewan percobaan sebagai hewan yang mempunyai perasaan. </span></div><div class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Melakukan perawatan dengan baik, menggunakan teknik teknik yang menyenangkan dan menimbulkan stress, dan menimbulkan rasa nyeri.</span></div><div class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Peneliti harus sadar bahwa suatu tindakan yang menyebabkan nyeri pada manusia juga akan menimbulkan nyeri pada hewan percobaan terutama vertebrata. </span></div><div class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Suatu prosedur yang menyebabkan rasa nyeri sementara atau stress sementara harus dihindari dengan memberikan pengobatan sedasi, analgesi atau anastesi prosedur bedah, atau yang menimbulkan nyeri tidak boleh dilakukan pada hewan percobaan dalam kondisi tidak di bius walaupun dalam kondisi paralise.</span></div><div class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Apabila dalam pelaksanaan penelitian atau pada akhir penelitian hewan percobaan mengalami nyeri yang hebat harus dilakukan euthanasia.</span></div><div class="DefaultCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kondisi kehidupan untuk hewan percobaan untuk penelitian biomedik harus sebaik baiknya, Sebaiknya hewan percobaan dalam perawatan seorang dokter hewan, yang berpengalaman dalam pengetahuan hewan percobaan di laboratorium.</span></div><div class="DefaultCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pimpinan atau Ketua laboratorium yang menggunakan hewan percobaan bertanggung jawab atas semua prosedur terhadap hewan percobaan (Anonymous 2, 2009).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Organisasi yang mengatur tentang hewan laboratorium?</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level4 lfo12; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KOMISI NASIONAL ETIK PENELITIAN KESEHATAN</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level4 lfo12; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asosiasi Dokter Hewan Praktisi Hewan Laboratorium Indonesia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level4 lfo12; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, IACUC</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level4 lfo12; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Departemen Kesehatan RI</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Pustaka</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anonymous 1, 2009. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Etik Penggunaan Hewan Percobaan dalam Penelitian Kesehatan</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span>http://www.litbang.depkes.go.id/download/materi020709/SOSIALISASI%20ETIK%20PENGGUNAAN%20HP%20(2009).pdf. Diakses 23 November 2011</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anonymous 2, 2009. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 18 Tahun 2009<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>http://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Undang-Undang_ Republik_Indonesia_Nomor_18_Tahun_2009.html. Diakses 23 November 2011</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: text1;">Abrianto, 2009. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kesejahteraan Hewan</i>. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">http://duniasapi.com/kesejahteraan-hewan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. D<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">iakses pada 16 November 2011</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL;">Mangkoewidjojo, Soesanto. 2006. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hewan Laboratorium Dalam Penelitian Biomedik.</i> Yogyakart</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a : FKH UGM</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sulaksono, M.E. 1987<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dilema Pada Hewan Percobaan</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Untuk Pemeriksaan Produk Biologis</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. Jakarta : </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan RI</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Salasia, SIO. 2007. <i>Etik dan Kesejahteraan Hewan</i>. Yogyakarta : Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Universitas Gadjah Mada</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UFAW. 1987. <i>The UFAW Handbook on the Care & Management of Laboratory Animal.</i> UK: Bath Press, Avon</span></div></div>Muhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10840615217552522658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1296415248306025992.post-32564688766538952222012-02-27T06:23:00.003-08:002012-02-27T06:23:34.865-08:00Skor Kondisi Tubuh Sapi<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</style> <![endif]--> <br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Learning Objective</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa definisi SKT (Skor Kondisi Tubuh) dan bagaimana kriterianya?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana manajemen peternakan sapi perah yang baik dan sesuai animal welfare?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa yang dimaksud dengan GVP (Good Veterinary Practise)?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa definisi SKT (Skor Kondisi Tubuh) dan bagaimana kriterianya?</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Definisi SKT</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">SKT adalah peneraan subyektif pada seluruh bagian tubuh yang bersifat semikuantitatif. Evaluasi dilakukan dengan melihat karakteristik dan melakukan palpasi atau perabaan pada daerah tubuh tertentu. Evaluasi tersebut didasarkan pada kriteria yang cukup sederhana yaitu, ukuran dan lokasi penimbunan lemak, struktur tulang yang kelihatan atau tidak kelihatan serta siluet hewan (Triakoso, 2008).</span></div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">SKT adalah alat manajemen yang berguna untuk membedakan perbedaan kebutuhan gizi sapi daging sapi dalam kawanan. Sistem ini menggunakan skor numerik untuk memperkirakan cadangan energi dalam tubuh sapi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegunaan penilaian SKT:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 93.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendugaan status nutrisi (kualitas & kuantitas).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 93.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengetahui status reproduksi sapi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 93.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Indikasi penyakit2 kronis tertentu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 93.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Indikasi investasi endoparasit (kecacingan atau parasit darah).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 93.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Status SKT:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Undercondition </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> tidak dikehendaki</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Optimum condition </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> terbaik utk reproduksi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Overcondition </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> tidak dikehendaki (Prabowo,2010).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kriteria penilaian SKT sapi perah </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menentukan bakalan yang akan dipilih dalam usaha pembudidayaan sapi perah dapat ditentukan berdasarkan penampakan sapi dengan penilaian/skoring dengan kriteria sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Skor 1 : pada sapi terlihat tidak adanya lemak pada pangkal ekor dan iga pendek. Sapi dengan penampilan seperti ini dapat dikatakan terlalu kurus, bermutu rendah, dan mungkin sebelumnya pernah sakit.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Skor 2 : sapi dengan iga pendek terlihat dan terasa sudah agak tumpul, pada pangkal ekor terdapat sedikit lemak. Sapi seperti ini dapat dikategorikan sebagai sapi bermutu cukup atau sedang. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Skor 3 : iga pendek sulit dirasakan dan pangkal ekor mulai gemuk.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Skor 4 : sapi telah mencapai tingkat gemuk sehingga penambahan berat signifikan (cocok digunakan sebagai sapi potong). (Nono, 2007)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BCS optimum reproduksi </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> 3,0 – 3,5.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sapi perah yang SKT -nya antara 4 – 4,5 pada saat melahirkan mempunyai resiko terkena gangguan metabolisme seperti ketosis karena terlalu banyak lemak tubuh yang dimobilisasi untuk memproduksi susu. Oleh karena itu, over SKT sangat tidak diharapkan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Begitupun sebaliknya, sapi perah yang SKT -nya kurang dari 1,5 menandakan besarnya ketidakseimbangan energi dan umumnya sapi sulit bunting (fertilitas rendah).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lokasi Penilaian SKT</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 60.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tonjolan tegak tulang belakang, </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 60.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">antara tonjolan tegak dengan tonjolan datar tulang belakang, </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 60.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tonjolan datar tulang belakang, </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 60.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">legok lapar, </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 60.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tonjolan tulang pinggul depan dan belakang, </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 60.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">daerah antara tonjolan tulang pinggul depan – belakang, </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 60.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">daerah antara tonjolan tulang pinggul depan kiri dengan depan kanan, </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 60.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Daerah antara tulang ekor dengan tonjolan tulang pinggul belakang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana manajemen peternakan sapi perah yang baik dan sesuai animal walfare?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut International Dairy Federation dan FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Guide to Good Dairy Farming Practice </i>(2004), terdapat lima aspek penting untuk tata laksana peternakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sapi perah yang baik:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesehatan hewan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Salah satu parameter yang dapat digunakan untuk pemeliharaan sapi dengan melihat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">body condition scoring</i>, nilai BCS yang ideal adalah 3,5 (skala 1-5). Jika BCS lebih dari 4 dapat menyebabkan gangguan setelah melahirkan retensi plasenta, distokia, ketosis dan panaritium. Sedangkan kondisi tubuh yang kurus menyebabkan produksi susu menurun dengan kadar lemak yang rendah. Selain itu faktor-faktor yang perlu diperhatikan didalam kesehatan sapi perah adalah lingkungan yang baik, pemerahan yang rutin dan peralatan pemerahan yang baik<span style="color: black;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.85pt; text-indent: 18.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ciri-ciri sapi perah betina yang baik:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kepala panjang , sempit, halus, sedikit kurus dan tidak banyak berotot</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Leher panjang dan lebarnya sedang, besarnya gelambir sedadang dan lipatan-lipatan kulit leher halus</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pinggang pendek dan lebar</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gumba, punggung dan pinggang merupakan garis lurus yang panjang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaki kuat, tidak pincang dan jarak antara paha lebar</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Badan berbentuk segitiga, tidak terlalu gemuk dan tulang-tulang agak menonjol (BCS umumnya 2)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dada lebar dan tulang -tulang rusuk panjang serta luas</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ambing besar, luas, memanjang kedepan kearah perut dan melebar sampai diantara paha. Kondisi ambing lunak, elastis dan diantara keempat kuartir terdapat jeda yang cukup lebar. Dan saat sehabis diperah ambing akan terlimpat dan kempis, sedangkam sebelum diperah gembung dan besar.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Produksi susu tinggi,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Umur 3,5-4,5 tahun dan sudah pernah beranak,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berasal dari induk dan pejantan yang mempunyai keturunan produksi susu tinggi,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tubuh sehat dan bukan sebagai pembawa penyakit menular, dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tiap tahun beranak </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Anonim a, 2009). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kehigienisan susu</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 16.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Air susu termasuk jenis bahan pangan hewani, berupa cairan putih yang dihasilkan oleh hewan ternak mamalia dan diperoleh dengan cara pemerahan (Hadiwiyoto, S., 1983). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 30.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kontaminasi air susu dapat terjadi karena : </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Cara pemerahan yang tidak hygienis, antara lain : </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Tidak menggunakan kandang perah yang bersih, sehingga berbau. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Tidak menggunakan alat perah yang bebas hama, seperti milk can.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. Ternak tidak dibersihkan dari kotoran, terutama bagian yang berdekatan dengan anus dan ambing. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. Tangan pemerah tidak dibersihkan terlebih dahulu. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. Cara memerah yang salah dan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f. Sapi dan pemerah sakit. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Penyimpanan air susu pada can yang berkaitan dengan bau ruangan, keadan debu, temperatur dan kelembaban ruangan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Pengolahan air susu. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. Transportasi air susu <span style="color: black;">(Saleh, 2004).</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara Pemerahan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 114.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Persiapan Sapi Yang Akan Diperah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sesaat sebelum memerah, ambing sapi dan daerah lipat pahanya di lap dengan lap bersih yang telah dibasahi dengan air hangat. Pengguntingan rambut daerah lipat paha akan menjamin kebersihan susu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 114.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peralatan Dalam Memerah Susu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ember dengan mulut sempit adalah terbaik untuk menampung susu sewaktu diperah. Penggunaan ember dengan mulut sempit dapat mengurangi jumlah kuman dalam susu. Pencucian peralatan misalnya ember, milk can, botol dan lain-lain sebaiknya dengan menggunakan air panas dan larutan chloor. Hal ini dapat melarutkan lemak susu yang menempel pada alat-alat tersebut. Peralatan yang tidak bersih dalam penanganan susu mengakibatkan susu banyak mengandung kuman.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 114.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Persiapan Pemerah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyakit manusia dapat menular kepada orang lain melalui susu, oleh karena itu pemerah susu maupun yang menangani susu hendaknya bebas dari penyakit menular. Pemerah hendaknya memakai pakaian bersih dan harus mencuci tangannya sebelum pemerahan. Pakaian yang berwarna putih sebaiknya dipakai pemerah, sehingga mudah diketahui apabila kotor, selain itu akan nampak harmonis dengan warna susu. Untuk menjaga kesehatan pemerah maupun yang menangani susu hendaknya pemeriksaan kesehatan dilakukan enam bulan atau setahun sekali (Deptan, 1998).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian pakan dan minum ternak</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pakan sapi perah umumnya dibagi tiga :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 125.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hijauan :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Rumput - rumputan : Rumput gajah ( <i>Pennisetum purpureum</i>),</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rumput Raja (King grass), setaria, benggala (<i>Pennisetum maximum)</i>,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">rumput lapang dan BD (<i>Brachiaria decumbens)</i>,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Kacang-kacangan : Lamtoro, turi, gamal</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 125.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Konsentrat : Dedak, bunkil kelapa, bungkil kacang tanah, jagung kedelai.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 125.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Limbah pertanian : Jerami padi, jerami jagung, jerami kedelai, dll.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pakan yang diberikan kepada sapi perah secara umum berupa hijauan 60 % dari</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BK (berat kering) dan 40 % Konsentrat. (Anonim a, 2009).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemberian pakan pada sapi perah dapat dilakukan dengan tiga cara, yaitu system penggembalaan, system perkandangan atau intensif dan system kombinasi keduanya. Pemberian jumlah pakan berdasarkan periode sapi seperti anak sapi sampai sapi dara, periode bunting, periode kering kandang dan laktasi. Pada anak sapi pemberian konsentrat lebih tinggi daripada rumput. Pakan berupa rumput bagi sapi dewasa umumnya diberikan sebanyak 10% dari bobot badan (BB) dan pakan tambahan sebanyak 1-2% dari BB. Sapi yang sedang menyusui (laktasi) memerlukan makanan tambahan sebesar 25% hijauan dan konsentrat dalam ransumnya. Hijauan yang berupa rumput segar sebaiknya ditambah dengan jenis kacang-kacangan (legum). Sumber karbohidrat berupa dedak halus atau bekatul, ampas tahu, gaplek, dan bungkil kelapa serta mineral (sebagai penguat) yang berupa garam dapur, kapur, dll. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Anonim a, 2009).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesejahteraan hewan</span><span lang="NO-BOK" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">WSPA menaksirkan kesejahteraan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hewan menggunakan aturan Lima Kebebasan Hewan:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Freedom from hunger and thirst—kebebasan dari kelaparan dan kehausan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Freedom from discomfort –kebebasan dari ketidaknyamanan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Freedom from pain, injury, and disease—kebebasan dari rasa sakit, terluka, dan penyakit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Freedom from fear and distress –kebebasan dari rasa takut dan stress</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Freedom to express normal behavior—kebebasan untuk mengekspresikan perilaku alamiah (FAWC 2003)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lingkungan </span><span lang="NO-BOK" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 25.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lokasi yang ideal untuk membangun kandang adalah daerah yang letaknya cukup jauh dari pemukiman penduduk tetapi mudah dicapai oleh kendaraan. Kandang harus terpisah dari rumah tinggal dengan jarak minimal 10 meter dan sinar matahari harus dapat menembus pelataran kandang serta dekat dengan lahan pertanian. Pembuatannya dapat dilakukan secara berkelompok di tengah sawah atau ladang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 22.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut Juheini (1999), sebanyak 56,67 persen peternak sapi perah membuang limbah kebadan sungai tanpa pengelolaan, sehingga terjadi pencemaran lingkungan. Pencemaran ini disebabkan oleh aktivitas peternakan, terutama berasal dari limbah yang dikeluarkan oleh ternak yaitu feses, urine, sisa pakan, dan air sisa pembersihan ternak dan kandang (Charles, 1991; Prasetyo <i>et</i> <i>al</i>., 1993).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 22.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengelolaan limbah yang kurang baik akan menjadi masalah serius pada usaha peternakan sapi perah. Sebaliknya bila limbah ini dikelola dengan baik dapat memberikan nilai tambah. Salah satu upaya untuk mengurangi limbah adalah mengintegrasikan usaha tersebut dengan beberapa usaha lainnya, seperti penggunaan suplemen pada pakan, usaha pembuatan kompos, budidaya ikan, budidaya padi sawah, sehingga menjadi suatu sistem yang saling sinergis (Hidayatullah et al., 2005).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa yang dimaksud dengan GVP (Good Veterinary Practise)?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">GVP menunjukkan penggunaan sepantasnya obat-obatan hewan, termasuk tambahan pakan (aditif), berdasarkan penggunaan yang sesuai, dalam hal dosis, aplikasi dan periode pemakaian untuk memberikan perawatan hewan yang cukup, dan sedapat mungkin meninggalkan sedikit sisa pada makanan hasil dari hewan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 9.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyakit pada sapi perah dapat menimbulkan kerugian ekonomis yang tidak sedikit yaitu dapat berupa penurunan produksi susu, terlambatnya pertumbuhan sapi muda dan kematian ternak. Sapi perah yang terkena penyakit akan memerlukan pengobatan dan akibatnya akan mempertinggi biaya produksi, oleh karena itu tindakan yang paling tepat dilakukan adalah pengamanan penyakit dengan mengadakan pencegahan. Beberapa penyakit yang dapat menyerang sapi perah adalah:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mastitis (Radang Kelenjar Susu)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyebab : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bakteri streptococcus cocci dan Stapphylococcus cocci<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penularan : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bakteri masuk melalui puting susu dan berkembang biak dalam saluran susu<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gejala spesifik :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adanya peradangan pada saluran kelenjar susu dan perubahan fisik dan kimiawi air susu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Milk Fever (Demam Susu)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Milk Fever adalah penyakit gangguan metabolisme yang menimpa sapi-sapi betina yang akan atau sedang melahirkan ataupun dekat sesudah melahirkan. Sebagian besar penyakit ini menimpa sapi-sapi yang sedang berproduksi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyebab : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kekurangan Ca yang akut. Hal ini akan menimbulkan gangguan metabolisme mineral, yakni metabolisme Ca yang bisa berakibat kepada seluruh tubuh.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gejala-gejala : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sapi menjadi lumpuh. Kelumpuhan ini bisa terjadi beberapa hari sebelum ataupun sesudah melahirkan.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Brucellosis Abartus Bang (Penyakit keguguran Menular; Penyakit Keluron)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyebab : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kuman Brucella abortus<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penularan : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kuman penyakit ini dapat masuk kedalam badan bersama-sama makanan dan minuman. Kadang-kadang dapat juga terjadi penularan melalui sapi pemacek pada waktu perkawinan.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gejala spesifik: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adanya radang dari alat kelamin, terjadinya keguguran dan kemungkinan terjadinya sterilitas.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bloat (Kembung Perut)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyebab : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gangguan pencernaan karena gas didalam perut tidak bisa keluar, karena proses fermentasi yang terlalu cepat sehingga membentuk timbunan gas yang cukup banyak dalam perut. Biasanya dikarenakan pemberian daun kacang-kacangan terlalu banyak atau hijauan yang basah.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gejala :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Lambung pada sisi kiri bagian atas membesar dan menjadi sangat kencang sehingga berbunyi apabila dipukul dengan jari</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Antrax (Radang Limpa)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyebab : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bacillus anthracis<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penularan : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Melalui makanan, minuman, pernafasan serta kulit. Sumber penularan dan penyebaran penyakit dapat berupa tanah yang sudah tercemar, air, tanaman yang tumbuh diatasnya, binatang kecil yang menggigit dan meghisap darah. Kuman ini dapat membentuk spora sehingga dapat tetap hidup bertahun-tahun didalam tanah.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gejala spesifik:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adanya demam yang akut dan terjadi pembesaran limpa. Pada sapi yang telah mati dari mulut, hidung keluar darah dan dari anus keluar kotoran yang berwarna hitam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apthae Epizootica (Penyakit Mulut dan Kuku)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyebab : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Virus<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gejala spesifik : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Luka atau lepuh pada selapu lendir mulut, kuku dan celah-celah kuku<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tubercullosis (TBC)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyebab : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Microbacterium tuberculose<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penularan : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Umumnya infeksi terjadi melalui pernafasan tapi kadang-kadang juga melalui pencernaan.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gejala spesifik: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ditandai dengan pembentukan bungkul-bungkul (teberkel) pada alatalat dimana kuman tersebut berkembang. Bila kuman TBC menyerang alat kelamin dapat menyebabkan sterilitas; bila menyerang susunan syaraf menyebabkan kelumpuhan dan bila menyerang alat pencernaan menjadi diarhea.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Pustaka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Anonim. 2004. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Guide to Godd Dairy Farming Practice.</i> Roma: International Dairy Federation dan FAO UN</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Anonim a, 2009. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Manajemen Pengelolaan Sapi Perah</i>. Diakses dari: </span><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">http://duniaveteriner.com/2009/05/manajemen-pengelolaan-sapi-perah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. Diakses pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>29 November 2011</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -37.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Charles RT dan Hariono, B. 1991. Pen<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cemaran Lingkungan oleh Limbah Peternakan dan</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengelolaannya</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Bull.FKH-UGM Vol. X: 2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -37.4pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Deptan, 1998. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pasca Panen Susu</i>. Jakarta: Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian Instalasi Penelitian dan Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -37.4pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hadiwiyoto, S., 1994. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengujian Mutu Susu dan Hasil Olahannya</i>. Yogyakarta :Penerbit Liberty</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -37.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hidayatullah, G., M. Kooswardhono, dan N. Erliza. 2005. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengelolaan Limbah Cair Usaha Peternakan Sapi Perah Mealui Penerapan Konsep Produksi Bersih.</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jurnal Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian Vol. 8, No.1, Maret 2005 : 124-136</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -37.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Juheini, N dan Sakryanu, KD. 1998. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Perencanaan Sistem Usahatani Terpadu dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menunjang Pembangunan Pertanian yang Berkelanjutan : Kasus Kabupaten Magetan, Jawa Timur</i>. Jurnal Agro Ekonomi (JAE) Vol. 17 (1). Pusat Penelitian Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian. Balitbangtan. Deptan. Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ngadiyono, Nono. 2007. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Beternak Sapi</i>. Yogyakarta : PT. Citra Aji Pratama</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -37.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prasetyo, S dan Padmono, J. 1993. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alternatif Pengelolaan Limbah Cair dan Padat RPH. Prosiding Workshop Teknologi Lingkungan</i>. BPPT. Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prabowo, 2010. <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Body Condition Scoring </span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(BCS) dan Status Reproduksi Sapi.ppt. Bagian Reproduksi dan Obstetri FKH UGM. Yogyakarta</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -37.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Soehadji, 1992. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kebijaksanaan Pemerintah dalam Pengembangan Industri Peternakan dan Penanganan Limbah Petemakan</i>. Makalah Seminar. Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan. Departemen Pertanian. Jakarta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Saleh, E. 2004. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dasar Pengolahan Susu dan Hasil Ikutan Terna</i>k. Sumatera Utara: USU Digital Library.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Triakoso, 2008. http://triakoso.blog.unair.ac.id/category/ternak/page/2. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Diakses pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>29 November 2011</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></div>Muhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10840615217552522658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1296415248306025992.post-88119066693078478702012-02-27T06:18:00.000-08:002012-02-27T06:18:49.613-08:00Veteriner dan Agama Konstektual<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Learning Objective</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana keterkaitan antara profesi veteriner dengan agama kontekstual?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa saja legislasi yang berkaitan dengan profesi veteriner?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa saja legislasi hukum agama yang berkaitan dengan profesi veteriner?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana keterkaitan antara profesi veteriner dengan agama kontekstual?</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fatwa Tentang Kloning</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) dalam Musyawarah Nasional VI MUI di Jakarta pada tahun 2000 telah menetapkan fatwa tentang kloning. Dalam fatwa bernomor: 3/Munas VI/MUI/2000 itu para ulama menetapkan kloning terhadap manusia dengan cara bagaimanapun yang dapat berakibat pada pelipatgandaan manusia hukumnya adalah haram.</span></div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Namun, para ulama membolehkan kloning terhadap tumbuh-tumbuhan dan hewan. “Kloning terhadap tumbuh-tumbuhan dan hewan hukumnya boleh (mubah) sepanjang dilakukan demi kemaslahatan dan atau untuk menghindarkan hal-hal negatif,” demikian fatwa yang ditandatangani Ketua MUI Prof. Umar Shihab itu.<br />
Dalam fatwanya, MUI mewajibkan kepada semua pihak terkait untuk tidak melakukan atau mengizinkan eksperimen atau praktik kloning terhadap manusia. MUI juga mewajibkan kepada para ulama untuk senantiasa mengikuti perkembangan kloning serta menyelenggarkan kajian-kajian ilmiah untuk menjelaskan hukumnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fatwa Tentang Bayi Tabung</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Fatwa MUI (hasil komisi fatwa tanggal 13 Juni 1979), Dewan Pimpinan Majelis Ulama Indonesia memfatwakan sbb : </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi tabung dengan sperma clan ovum dari pasangan suami isteri yang sah hukumnya mubah (boleh), sebab hak ini termasuk ikhtiar berdasarkan kaidah-kaidah agama.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi tabung dari pasangan suami-isteri dengan titipan rahim isteri yang lain (misalnya dari isteri kedua dititipkan pada isteri pertama) hukumnya haram berdasarkan kaidah Sadd az-zari’ah, sebab hal ini akan menimbulkan masalah yang rumit dalam kaitannya dengan masalah warisan (khususnya antara anak yang dilahirkan dengan ibu yang mempunyai ovum dan ibu yang mengandung kemudian melahirkannya, dan sebaliknya).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi tabung dari sperma yang dibekukan dari suami yang telah meninggal dunia hukumnya haram berdasarkan kaidah Sadd a z-zari’ah, sebab hal ini akan menimbulkan masalah yang pelik, baik dalam kaitannya dengan penentuan nasab maupun dalam kaitannya dengan hal kewarisan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi tabung yang sperma dan ovumnya diambil dari selain pasangan suami isteri yang sah hukumnya haram, karena itu statusnya sama dengan hubungan kelamin antar lawan jenis di luar pernikahan yang sah (zina), dan berdasarkan kaidah Sadd az-zari’ah ( ), yaitu untuk menghindarkan terjadinya perbuatan zina sesungguhnya. (Mustafida. 2011)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><strong>Memelihara Anjing</strong></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Barangsiapa memelihara anjing maka sungguh akan berkurang (pahala) amalnya setiap hari satu qirat kecuali anjing penjaga kebun dan hewan ternak”. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Muttafaq ‘Alaih).</i></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Dalam riwayat Muslim: “Barangsiapa memelihara anjing yang bukan anjing pemburu, dan penjaga ternak serta kebun, maka sungguh akan berkurang dari pahalanya dua qirat setiap hari.”</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Berkata Syaikh Utsaimin dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Syarh Riyadhus Shalihin”:</i></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">“…Adapun memelihara anjing…maka haram bahkan termasuk dosa besar-kita berlindung kepada Allah-, sebab orang yang memelihara anjing selain yang di kecualikan akan berkurang pahalanya setiap hari “dua <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">qirat</i>”, Nabi Muhammad bersabda tentang seorang yang mengikuti jenazah hingga penguburan ia memperoleh pahala sebesar dua qirat, lalu ada yang bertanya: “Dua qirat itu seberapa? Jawab beliau: “seperti dua gunung yang besar minimalnya seperti gunung Uhud.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Muttafaq ‘Alaih dan lainnya dari hadits Abu Hurairah).</i></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa saja legislasi yang berkaitan dengan profesi veteriner?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UNDANG-UNDANG</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Undang-Undang 18 tahun 2009 tentang peternakan dan kesehatan hewan</span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Undang-undang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">n</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">o.16 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">t</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ahun 1992</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> t</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">entang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">k</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">arantina </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">h</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ewan, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">i</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">d</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">an </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">t</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">umbuhan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Undang Undang No. 5 Tahun 1990 tentang konservasi sumberdaya alam hayati dan ekosistemnya (Asvan. 2010).</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">STAATSBLAD</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stbld.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No.432<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thn.1912<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tentang Campurtangan Pemerintah dalam urusan Kehewanan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stbld. No.614 Thn.1936 tentang Larangan Penyembelihan Ternak Besar Bertanduk yang Betina</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stbld. No.715 Thn.1936 tentang Ternak Yang Tidak Berguna lagi bagi Peternakan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stbld. No.733 Tahun 1939 tentang Perburuan Binatang di Jawa dan Madura (Asvan. 2010).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PERATURAN PEMERINTAH</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PP No.15 Tahun 1977<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tentang Penolakan, Pencegahan, Pemberantasan Dan Pengoba- tan Penyakit Hewan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PP No. 22 Tahun 1983 Tentang Kesmavet</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PP No.78<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tahun 1992<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tentang Obat Hewan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PP No.82 Th.2000 Tentang Karantina Hewan (Asvan. 2010).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SURAT KEPUTUSAN BERSAMA MENTERI</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Surat Keputusan Bersama Menteri Pertanian Dalam Negeri No.690/Kpts/TN.510/10/93-No.88 Tahun 1993 Tentang Pos Kesehatan Hewan (Asvan. 2010).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KUHP</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasal 302 (penganiayaan terhadap hewan)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasal 540 (pekerjaan melebihi kekuatannya)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasal 541 (memperkerjakan kuda yang belum tanggal gigi)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasal 490 (menjaga binatang buas peliharaan agar tidak menimbulkan kerugian)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasal 544 (sabung ayam dan jangkrik) (Asvan. 2010).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa saja legislasi hukum agama yang berkaitan dengan profesi veteriner?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 254.25pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ISLAM<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="gen"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="gen"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dan tiadalah binatang-binatang yang ada di bumi dan burung-burung yang terbang dengan kedua sayapnya, melainkan umat (juga) seperti kamu. Tiadalah Kami alpakan sesuatupun dalam Al-Kitab, kemudian kepada Tuhanlah mereka dihimpunkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(An’aam ayat 38).</i></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="gen"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="gen"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dan Kami tidak menciptakan langit dan bumi dan apa yang ada antara keduanya dengan bermain-main. Kami tidak menciptakan keduanya melainkan dengan haq, tetapi kebanyakan mereka tidak mengetahui <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Ad Dukhaan ayat 38-39).</i></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="gen"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dan pada penciptakan kamu dan pada binatang-binatang yang melata yang bertebaran (di muka bumi) terdapat tanda-tanda (kekuasaan Allah) untuk kaum yang meyakini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(</i></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Al Jaatsiyah:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ayat 4).</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="gen"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Langit yang tujuh, bumi dan semua yang ada di dalamnya bertasbih kepada Allah. Dan tak ada suatupun melainkan bertasbih dengan memuji-Nya, tetapi kamu sekalian tidak mengerti tasbih mereka. Sesungguhnya Dia adalah Maha Penyantun lagi Maha Pengampun (</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Al Israa' ayat 44).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Wahai Rosulluloh apakah kita mendapatkan pahala karena berbuat baik kepada binatang? Rosulluloh menjawab : “ Berbuat kepada semua makhluk hidup akan mendapat pahala” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Riwayat Bukhori dan Muslim).</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Jika kamu mendengar ia sedang mewabah di suatu daerah maka janganlah kamu masuk ke sana, dan jika ia mewabah di daerah, sementara kamu ada di dalamnya maka janganlah kamu keluar menghindarinya” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(H Riwayat Bukhori dan Muslim).</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Jangan mencampur antara hewan yang sakit dengan yang sehat” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Riwayat Bukhori dan Muslim).</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Alloh menurunkan penyakit dan Dia juga menurunkan obatnya” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Riwayat Malik).</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Setiap penyakit ada obatnya, dan jika suatu obat mengena tepat pada penyakitnya, ia akan sembuh dengan izin Alloh Ta’ala” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Shohih Al-Jami’ Ash-shighir)</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Barangsiapa yang mengobati namun tidak menguasai ilmu pengobatan maka ia harus bertanggungjawab”<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> (Riwayat Abu Dawud).</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alam semesta adalah untuk semua makhluk ciptaan Allah, manusia sebagai <i>khalifah </i>di</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">muka bumi, hewan sama dengan manusia sebagai umat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diharamkan bagimu (memakan) bangkai, darah, daging babi, (daging hewan) yang disembelih atas nama selain Allah, yang tercekik, yang dipukul, yang jatuh, yang ditanduk dan yang diterkam binatang buas, kecuali yang sempat kamu menyembelihnya, dan (diharamkan bagimu) yang disembelih untuk berhala. Dan diharamkan juga mengundi nasib dengan anak panah, (mengundi nasib dengan anak panah itu) adalah kefasikan. Pada hari ini orang-orang kafir telah putus asa untuk (mengalahkan) agamamu, sebab itu janganlah kamu takut kepada mereka dan takutlah kepada-Ku. Pada hari ini telah Kusempurnakan untuk kamu agamamu, dan telah Ku-cukupkan kepadamu nikmatmu-Ku, dan telah Ku-ridai Islam itu jadi agama bagimu. Maka barang siapa terpaksa karena kelaparan tanpa sengaja berbuat dosa, sesungguhnya Allah Maha Pengampun lagi Maha Penyayang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Al-Maidah ayat 3).</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari Abu Huroiroh r..a: Suatu ketika ada seekor anjing mengelilingi sebuah sumur, karena dahaga yang hampir membunuhnya. Tiba-tiba seorang pelacur dari Bani Isroil melihatnya, lalu ia melepas sepatunya untuk mengambil air, dan memberikannya kepada anjing itu. Maka minumlah anjing itu hingga kenyang. Dikarenakan perbuatannya, Alloh pun mengampuni sang pelacur tersebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Riwayat Bukhori dan Muslim). </i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Abdullah bin Ja’far r.a. berkata: Suatu hari Rosululloh saw. memboncengkan saya dibelakang beliau. Lalu dibisikkannya sesuatu rahasia yang tidak akan saya beritahukan kepada siapapun. Kemudian Rosululoh masuk ke suatu perkebunan seorang dari kaum Anshor. Beliau menemukan di dalamnya seekor unta dan ketika melihat onta itu beliau menaruh belas kasihan sampai-sampai menangis. Maka Rosululloh mendekati dan mengelus kepalanya. Lalu beliau bertanya: “siapa pemilik onta ini?” “Onta ini milik siapa?” Kemudian datanglah seortang pemuda dari kaum Anshor, ia berkata: “Onta ini milik saya ya Rosululloh”. Rosululloh bersabda: “tidakkah engkau takut kepada Alloh dalam hal hewan yang telah dianugerahkan kepadamu? Sungguh onta ini telah mengadu kepadaku bahwa engkau telah membuatnya lapar dan sering membuatnya capai” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Riwayat Ahmad dan Abu Dawud).</i> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari Ibnu Umar ra berkata, sabda Rosululloh: Seorang perempuan masuk ke dalam neraka dikarenakan seekor kucing yang diikatnya (dikurung) hingga mati, namun ditidak diberi makan dan tidak diberi minum, dan tidak dilepas agar bisa mencari makan di tempat lain di bumi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Riwayat Bukhori)</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari Ibnu Abbas r.a.: disebutkan bahwa Rosulullooh saw melewati seekor keledai yang diberi cap bakar di mukanya, lalu beliau bersabda: “Alloh melaknat orang yang telah memberinya cap bakar” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Riwayat Muslim).</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jabir bin Abdillah ra berkata: bahwa ada seekor keledai yang telah dicap bakar di wajahnya lewat di depan Rosululloh saw dan dari bekasnya itu bercucuran darah. Maka Rosululloh bersabda: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Alloh melaknat orang yang telah melakukannya ini”. Selanjutnya beliau melarang cap bakar dan pemukulan di muka <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Ibnu Hibban dan AtTirmidzi)</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari Abu Hurairoh: “Hendaklah kalian tidak menjadikan punggung hewan ternak sebagai tempat duduk. Karena Alloh menciptakanya untuk kalian, agar ia mengantar ke suatu tempat yang tidak bisa dicapai kecuali dengan susah payah. Dan Alloh telah menciptakan bumi untuk kalian, maka penuhilah kebutuhan-kebutuhan kalian di atasnya” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Riwayat At-Tirmidzi)</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Barangsiapa yang membunuh seekor burung secara sia-sia,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>maka pada hari kiamat nanti burung itu akan mengadu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alloh dan berkata: Wahai Alloh, si fulan telah membunuhku hanya untuk main-main, ia tidak membunuhku untuk suatu manfaat pun”. (HR: Annasi, Ibnu Hibban, Ahmad)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Siapapun seorang muslim yang membunuh seekor burung dan yang lebih dari itu, tanpa memenuhi haknya, niscaya Alloh akan minta tanggungjawabnya nanti. Ada yang bertanya: Wahai Rosululloh, apa haknya itu? Rosululloh menjawab: Hendaknya seorang muslim itu menyembelih dan memasaknya, dan jangan ia potong kepalanya lalu dibuang. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Ahmad, Annasa’I, Alhakim)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Suatu ketika Nabi melihat mayat seekor kambing, Beliau berkata: Milik siapakah kambing ini? Para sahabat berkata: ini milik budak Maimunah Ummul Mukminin, Nabi berkata: mengapa kalian tidak memanfaatkan kulitnya? Mereka menjawab: tapi kambing ini sudah mati. Kata beliau: sebenarnya yang dilarang adalah makan dagingnya. (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bukhori dan Muslim) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Janganlah kamu menyembelih binatang penghasil susu (HR: Muslim)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sesungguhnya tiada yang berhak menyiksa dengan api kecuali Sang Pencipta api itu sendiri <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Abu Dawud)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jika seseorang diantara kalian menyembelih hewan maka sembelihlah dengan cepat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Jami’ al”Ulum wal al Hakam)</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jabir bin Abdillah ra berkata: bahwa ada seekor keledai yang telah dicap bakar di wajahnya lewat di depan Rosululloh saw dan dari bekasnya itu bercucuran darah. Maka Rosululloh bersabda: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Alloh melaknat orang yang telah melakukannya ini”. Selanjutnya beliau melarang cap bakar dan pemukulan di muka <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Ibnu Hibban dan AtTirmidzi)</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Widyono. 2010).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kalian semua adalah pemimpin, dan setiap pemimpin bertanggungjawab atas apa yang dipimpinnya, seorang imam adalah pemimpin dan ia bertanggungjawab atas yang dipimpinnya<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> (</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Bukhori, Muslim dan Ibnu Umar)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dan Dia telah menciptakan binatang-binatang ternak untuk kamu, padanya ada (bulu) yang menghangatkan dan berbagai manfaat, dan sebagiannya kamu makan " <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(QS An-Nahl: 5).</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Naikilah binatang-binatang tunggangan ini dalam keadaan selamat, dan lepaskanlah mereka dalam keadaaan selamat pula. Janganlah kalian menjadikan mereka sebagai kursi” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Riwayat Al Hakim dan Baihaqi).</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saya melihat Umar ibn Khattab memukul tukang unta sambil berkata “mengapa engkau membebani untamu dengan beban yang tidak sanggup dipikulnya?” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Riwayat Ibn Sa’ad).</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasulullah SAW mendapati seorang laki-laki yang meletakkan kakinya di atas pantat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seekor kambing sambil mengasah alat sembelihannya. Kambing itu meliriknya. Lalu nabi bersabda, “mengapa tidak engkau lakukan sebelumnya? Apakah engkau hendak membunuhnya dua kali?” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Riwayat Ath-Thabrani)</i> (Winarso. 2008).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BUDHA</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya rengkarnasi, kedudukan manusia dan hewan adalah sama.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengikut budha dianjurkan untuk tidak menyakiti/membunuh makhluk hidup bernyawa dan bahkan sesedikit mungkin mengusik tetumbuhan (Winarso. 2008).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HINDU</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dewa-dewa berbentuk gajah (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ganesha</i>) dan Kera (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hanoman</i>).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakralan hewan tertentu seperti sapi dan Itik. Sapi merupakan lambang kemakmuran dan Dewa Siwa juga mempunyai sapi tunggangan yang bernama Nandi. Sehingga sapi tidak boleh dibunuh. Sedangkan menurut Sudarsana diacu dalam Ayadnya dan Arisana unggas terutama itik dianggap suci karena merupakan simbol kebijaksanaan yaitu dari kemampuan itik memisahkan kotoran dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">amerta</i> (kebaikan) saat mencari makan dalam lumpur.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mantra <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tri sandya:</i> “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Maha Dewa sarvaprani hitam karah</i>”. Artinya: Mahadewa yang memberi anugerah keselamatan kepada semua makhluk”.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Falsafah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tri Hita Karana</i>, yang mengandung makna adanya keserasian antara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hyang Widhi</i>, Manusia dan Lingkungan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hindu di bali mempunyai tradisi sabung ayam (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tabuh Rah</i>), yang melanggar animal welfare sebagai sesembahan untuk Bhuta Kala (simbol kekuatan negatif) (Winarso. 2008).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NASRANI</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manusia sebagai penguasa alam, eksploitasi hewan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kitab Kejadian 126 dan 28 isinya adalah manusia mempunyai kuasa atas hewan. Namun agama Nasrani tidak menerangkan lebih lanjut tentang hubungan manusia sebagai "penguasa" dengan hewan. Pendapat penimikir Nasrani tentang keberadaan hewan pada umumnya sama, yaitu bahwa manusia scbagai pemimimpin alam semesta berhak memanfaatkan hewan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“......sama dengan hewan yang hanya dilahirkan untuk ditangkap dan dimusnahkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(II Petrus 2:12)</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Lalu Allah memberkati Nuh dan anak-anaknya serta berfirman kepada mereka: ‘beranakcuculah dan tambah benyaklah serta penuhilah bumi. Akan takut dan gemetar kepadamu segala binatang di bumi dan segala burung di udara, segala yang bergerak yang bergerak di muka bumi dan segala ikan dilaut; ke dalam tanganmulah semuanya diserahkan. Segala yang bergerak, yang hidup, akan menjadi makananmu. Aku telah memberikan semua itu kepadamu seperti juga tumbuh-tumbuhan hijau, hanya daging yang masih ada nyawanya, yakni darahnya, janganlah kamu makan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Kitab Kejadian 9:1-4)</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeliharaan hewan (ternak) dalam Nasrani secara umum harus dilakukan dengan kasih sayang. Tetapi dulu pera pemikir nasrani menganggap hewan tidak memiliki rasa sakit, tetapi sekarang pendapat itu telah berubah (Winarso. 2008).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">YAHUDI</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manusia sebagai penguasa alam, eksploitasi hewan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Taurat dalam Kitab Kejadian 1:26 dan 28 yang memerintahkan manusia agar berkembang biak dan menguasai binatang-binatang yang ada di bumi. Oleh karena itu manusia dapat memanfaatkan hewan untuk kepentingannya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Orang benar memperhatikan hidup hewannya” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Amsal 12:10)</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya foie gras. Memasukkan selang ke dalam esophagus angsa (melanggar animal welfare). Yahudi memperbolehkan adanya factory farming.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernyataan Rabbi Elyashiv bahwa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">halacha</i> memperbolehkan hewan menderita jika memang menghasilkan keuntungan yang jelas bagi manusia.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyembelihan hewan ternak disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kosher</i>, caranya hampir mirip dengan islam. Tetapi menolak <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">stunning</i> (Winarso. 2008).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Pustaka</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asvan, Machmud. 2010. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kuliah Pengantar: Peraturan Perundangan kesehatan Hewan</i>. Yogyakarta: FKH UGM</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mustafida, Latifa. 2011. Fatwa Ulama Tentang Beberapa Isu Aktual. http://latifa-mstfda.blogspot.com/2011/06/fatwa-ulama-tentang-beberapa-isu-aktual.html. Diakses 8 Desember 2011</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Widyono, Irkham. 2010. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kuliah Pengantar: Agama Kontekstual Pada Profesi Dokter Hewan</i>. Yogyakarta: FKH UGM</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Winarso, Aji. 2008. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kajian Kesejahteraan Hewan Ternak Dalam Ajaran Agama Budha, Hindu, Yahudi, Nasrani Dan Islam</i>. Bogor: IPB</span></div></div>Muhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10840615217552522658noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1296415248306025992.post-62354256012513540852011-11-17T02:07:00.000-08:002011-11-17T02:07:42.356-08:00Kesejahteraan Hewan, Animal Welfare<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Learning Objective</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa definisi kesejahteraan hewan?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa saja undang-undang kesejahteraan hewan dan lembaga yang mengatur?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana tolak ukur kesejahteraan hewan dalam ANI dan TRI?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa saja pengelompokan hewan berdasarkan fungsinya?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa definisi kesejahteraan hewan?</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kesejahteraan hewan ( Animal Welfare )</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">yaitu : suatu usaha untuk memberikan kondisi lingkungan yang sesuai bagi satwa sehingga berdampak ada peningkatan sistem psikologi dan fisiologi satwa. Kegiatan ini merupakan kepedulian manusia untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup bagi satwa yang terkurung dalam kandang atau terikat tanpa bisa leluasa bergerak.</span></div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hak Asasi Hewan ( Animal Rights )</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> yaitu : hak-hak dasar hewan untuk hidup layak/bebas dari intervensi manusia.Sebagai hak mendapatkan perlindungan dan perlakuan oleh manusia al. dalam perawatan, tempat tinggal, pengangkutan, pemanfaatan, cara pemotongan, juga cara euthanasi (Anonim,2009).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">rganisasi kesejahteraan hewan</span> pertama di dunia <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals</span>)</i> atau disingkat sebagai <b>SPCA</b> pada tahun 1824. Pada tahun 1840, Ratu Victoria memberikan restunya, dan <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">SPCA</span> berubah menjadi <b>RSPCA</b> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals</span>)</i>. Organisasi ini menggunakan sumbangan dari para anggotanya untuk membiayai tenaga-tenaga pengawas serta pengembangan jaringan guna mengidentifikasi para pelaku, mengumpulkan bukti, dan melaporkannya kepada yang berwajib.<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejumlah organisasi <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Animal Welfare</span> berkampanye untuk mencapai <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Universal Declaration of Animal Welfare</span> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Deklarasi Universal Kesejahteraan Hewan</span>)</i> disingkat sebagai <b>UDAW</b> di Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Pada prinsipnya, Deklarasi Universal ini akan memberikan satu pandangan kepada Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa untuk mengenali hewan sebagai makhluk hidup, yang mampu mengalami rasa sakit dan penderitaan, dan untuk mengakui bahwa kesejahteraan binatang adalah suatu masalah penting sebagai bagian dari pembangunan sosial bangsa-bangsa di seluruh dunia.<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mencapai tujuan ini, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">UDAW</span> melakukan kampanye berkoordinasi bersama <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">WSPA</b> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">World Society for the Protection of Animals),</span></i> dengan “core Working Group” termasuk <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Compassion in World Farming</span> (<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">CIWF</span>), the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals</span> (<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">RSPCA</span>), dan the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Humane Society International</span> (<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">HSI</span>).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah satu konsep mengenai animal welfare yang banyak dipakai oleh para penyayang binatang adalah konsep dari <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">World Society for Protection of Animals </span>(WSPA). Konsep <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">animal welfare</span> dari WSPA dikenal dengan nama <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Five (5) Freedom</span>“</b>. Ketentuan ini mewajibkan semua hewan yang dipelihara atau hidup bebas di alam memiliki hak-hak/kebebasan berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Freedom from hunger and thirst</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (bebas dari rasa lapar dan haus).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Freedom from discomfort</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (bebas dari rasa panas dan tidak nyaman).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Freedom from pain, injury, and disease</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (bebas dari luka, penyakit dan sakit)<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Freedom from fear and distress</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (bebas dari rasa takut dan penderitaan).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Freedom to express normal behavior</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (bebas mengekspresikan perilaku normal dan alami) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(</span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: text1;">Abrianto, 2009</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa saja undang-undang kesejahteraan hewan dan lembaga yang mengatur?</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Statsblad 1912 No. 432</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> tentang campur tangan pemerintah dalam urusan kehewanan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 36.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Maksud campur tangan pemerintah dalam urusan kehewanan adalah untuk melaksanakan peraturan-peraturan yang diperlukan agar supaya <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">rendement </span>ekonomis yang dihasilkan oleh ternak bagi masyarakat menjadi sebesar-besarnya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 36.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Campur tangan meliputi:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 36.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Pemberantasan penyakit hewan menular</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 36.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Perbaikan Peternakan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 36.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kesehatan/kebersihan (<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">hygiene</span>) veteriner</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UU no. 6 tahun 1967 pasal 22</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> tentang Kesejahteraan hewan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk kepentingan kesejahteraan hewan, maka dengan Peraturan Pemerintah ditetapkan ketentuan-ketentuan tentang :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tempat dan perkandangan;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeliharaan dan perawatan;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengangkutan;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan dan pemanfaatan;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara pemotongan dan pembunuhan;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlakuan dan pengayoman yang wajar oleh manusia terhadap hewan (Anonim1, 2009)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UU no. 18 tahun 2009 pasal 66-67 tentang Kesejahteraan hewan.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pasal 66</span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Untuk kepentingan kesejahteraan hewan dilakukan tindakan yang berkaitan dengan penangkapan dan penanganan; penempatan dan pengandangan; pemeliharaan dan perawatan; pengangkutan; pemotongan dan pembunuhan; serta perlakuan dan pengayoman yang wajar terhadap hewan.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ketentuan mengenai kesejahteraan hewan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dilakukan secara manusiawi yang meliputi:</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">a. penangkapan dan penanganan satwa dari habitatnya harus sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundangan-undangan di bidang konservasi;</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">b. penempatan dan pengandangan dilakukan dengan sebaik-baiknya sehingga memungkinkan hewan dapat mengekspresikan perilaku alaminya;</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">c. pemeliharaan, pengamanan, perawatan, dan pengayoman hewan dilakukan dengan sebaik-baiknya sehingga hewan bebas dari rasa lapar dan haus, rasa sakit, penganiayaan dan penyalahgunaan, serta rasa takut dan tertekan;</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">d. pengangkutan hewan dilakukan dengan sebaik-baiknya sehingga hewan bebas dari rasa takut dan tertekan serta bebas dari penganiayaan;</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">e. penggunaan dan pemanfaatan hewan dilakukan dengan sebaik-baiknya sehingga hewan bebas dari penganiayaan dan penyalahgunaan;</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">f. pemotongan dan pembunuhan hewan dilakukan dengan sebaik-baiknya sehingga hewan bebas dari rasa sakit, rasa takut dan tertekan, penganiyaan, dan penyalahgunaan; dan</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">g. perlakuan terhadap hewan harus dihindari dari tindakan penganiayaan dan penyalahgunaan. </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ketentuan yang berkaitan dengan penyelenggaraan kesejahteraan hewan diberlakukan bagi semua jenis hewan bertulang belakang dan sebagian dari hewan yang tidak bertulang belakang yang dapat merasa sakit. </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ketentuan lebih lanjut mengenai kesejahteraan hewan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), ayat (2), dan ayat (3) diatur dengan Peraturan Menteri.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Pasal 67</span></b><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Penyelenggaraan kesejahteraan hewan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 66 ayat (1) dan ayat (2) dilaksanakan oleh Pemerintah dan Pemerintah Daerah bersama masyarakat (Anonim</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">2</span><span lang="EN-US">, 2009).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KUHP Pasal 302</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(1) Diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama tiga bulan atau pidana denda paling banyak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">empat ribu lima ratus rupiah karena melakukan penganiayaan ringan terhadap hewan:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">barang siapa tanpa tujuan yang patut atau secara melampaui batas, dengan sengaja menyakiti atau melukai hewan atau merugikan kesehatannya;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">barang siapa tanpa tujuan yang patut atau dengan melampaui batas yang diperlukan untuk mencapai tujuan itu, dengan sengaja tidak memberi makanan yang diperlukan untuk hidup kepada hewan, yang seluruhnya atau sebagian menjadi kepunyaannya dan ada di bawah pengawasannya, atau kepada hewan yang wajib dipeliharanya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika perbuatan itu mengakibatkan sakit lebih dari seminggu, atau cacat atau menderita luka-luka berat lainnya, atau mati, yang bersalah diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama sembilan bulan, atau pidana denda paling banyak tiga ratus rupiah, karena penganiayaan hewan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika hewan itu milik yang bersalah, maka hewan itu dapat dirampas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Percobaan melakukan kejahatan tersebut tidak dipidana.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lembaga yang mengatur animal welfare</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">OIE <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Office Internationl des Epizooticae)</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">RSPCA</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals</span>)</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UDAW <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Universal Declaration of Animal Welfare)</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">WSPA <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">World Society for the Protection of Animals)</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">CIWF</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Compassion in World Farming)</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>HSI <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Humane Society International)</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> (</span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: text1;">Abrianto, 2009</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana tolak ukur kesejahteraan hewan dalam ANI dan TRI?</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ANI <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Animal Needs Index)</i></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ANI (Animal Needs Index) merupakan metode yang ditemukan oleh ilmuwan Austria pada tahun 1999 bernama Helmut Bartussek, dimana metode ini bertujuan untuk menilai kandang hewan terhadap pengaruhnya ke kesejahteraan hewan tersebut (Fraser, 2008).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Elemen-elemen ANI pada Ternak</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.6pt;" width="187"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Komponen</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.65pt;" width="188"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kriteria yang dinilai</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.65pt;" width="188"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Nilai terendah - tertinggi</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.6pt;" width="187"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kemampuan Bergerak</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.65pt;" width="188"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Area per hewan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Bangun dan berebah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Latihan-latihan diluar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Akses ke padang rumput</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.65pt;" valign="top" width="188"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">0-3.0</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">0-3.0</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">0-3.0</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">0-1.5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.6pt;" width="187"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kontak Sosial</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.65pt;" width="188"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Area per hewan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Struktur sosial gembala</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Integrasi ternak pengikut</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Latihan-latihan diluar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Akses ke padang rumput</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.65pt;" valign="top" width="188"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">0-3.0</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-0.5-2.0</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-0.5-1.0</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">0-2.5</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">0-1.5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.6pt;" width="187"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kualitas Lantai</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.65pt;" width="188"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Ketahanan lanta</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kebersihan lantai</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kelicinan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kondisi lantai, untuk bergerak</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kondisi lantai, untuk exercise</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Akses ke padang rumput</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.65pt;" valign="top" width="188"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-0.5-2.5</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-0.5-1.0</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-0.5-1.0</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-0.5-1.0</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-0.5-1.5</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">0-1.0</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.6pt;" width="187"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kondisi didalam bangunan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.65pt;" width="188"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kualitas udara</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Cahaya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Peralatan-peralatan bising</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Hari diluar / tahun</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Jam diluar / tahun</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.65pt;" valign="top" width="188"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-0.5-1.5</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-0.5-2.0</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-0.5-1.0</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">0-2.0</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">0-2.0</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.6pt;" width="187"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kualitas Perawatan Manusia terhadap Hewan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.65pt;" width="188"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kebersihan Kandang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Keadaan Peralatan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Keadaan kulit hewan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kebersihan hewan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Keadaan kuku hewan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Luka karena peralatan / kandang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kesehatan hewan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.65pt;" valign="top" width="188"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-0.5-1.0</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-0.5-1.0</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-0.5-1.0</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-0.5-0.5</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-0.5-1.5</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-0.5-1.5</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">-0.5-1.5</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Fraser, 2008).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TGI (Tiegerechttheitsindex)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tiergerechtheitsindex merupakan metode yang hampir sama dengan ANI yakni metode dalam penilaian apakah hewan itu sejahtera atau tidak. Tiergerechtheitsindex dikenalkan oleh ilmuwan bernama Sundrum Andersson dan Postler pada tahun 1994 </span></span><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(Bennedsgaard</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">)</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode Tiergerechtheitsindex ini lebih dikenal sebagai TGI200, dimana metode ini biasanya digunakan oleh Organisasi organik di jerman untuk menyatakan tingkat kesejahteraan pada pertanian ternak organik </span></span><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(Bennedsgaard</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">)</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada 7 tema yang dijadikan protokol dalam penentuan kesejahteraan hewan tersebut yakni :</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lokomosi<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kenyamanan</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pakan<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kehigienan</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkah Laku Sosial<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stockmanship</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resting (Sundrum, et.al, 1994)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.6pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tiap-tiap tema, beberapa pengukuran penilain di catat dan nilai diberi secara manual mulai dari 0-200 <strong><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(Bennedsgaard</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">)</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;">.</span></span> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa saja pengelompokan hewan berdasarkan fungsinya?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">WSPA</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> menjabarkan secara detail pemanfaatan hewan-hewan tersebut tergantung tujuannya masing-masing. Pemanfaat hewan harus tetap mempertimbangkan <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Five Freedom</span> di atas. WSPA mempunyai kebijakan untuk memilah-milah hewan berdasarkan manfaatnya yaitu :</span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Farm Animals</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, adalah hewan ternak yang dikonsumsi seperti : sapi, kambing, ayam, dll</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Working Animals</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, adalah hewan yang dimanfaatkan tenaga seperti : kuda, kerbau, anjing penarik kereta salju, dll</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Companion Animals</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, adalah hewan kesayangan yang dipelihara seperti : anjing, kucing, hewan eksotik lain</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Laboratory Animals</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, adalah hewan yang dimanfaatkan untuk penelitian.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Genetic Manipulation and Genetic Engineering</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, adalah hewan yang telah dimanipulasi genetik</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Wild Animals</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, adalah satwa liar yang hidup bebas di alam seperti orang utan, badak, dll</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Animals Used In Sport Or Entertainment</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, adalah hewan yang digunakan untuk kepentingan olahraga dan hiburan seperti kuda/anjing balap,dll</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Marine Animals</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, adalah hewan-hewan yang hidup di laut</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Fur and Trapping</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, yaitu pemanfaatan bulu/kulit hewan dan penangkapan hewan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Conservation</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, adalah hewan-hewan yang terancam punah dan dipelihara untuk pelestarian/konservasi </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">(Abrianto, 2009).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></li>
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Pustaka</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Anonim,2009. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kesejahteraan Hewan Sapi</i>. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://duniasapi.com/kesejahteraan-hewan-sapi. D<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">iakses pada 16 November 2011</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anonim1. 2009. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">UU no. 6 tahun 1967</i>.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>http://peternakan.kaltimprov.go.id/files/6270C00-1967-00006.pdf. D<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">iakses pada 16 November 2011</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anonim2. 2009. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 18 Tahun 2009</i>. http://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Undang-Undang_Republik_Indonesia_Nomor_18_Tahun_2009. D<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">iakses pada 16 November 2011</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: text1;">Abrianto, 2009. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kesejahteraan Hewan</i>. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">http://duniasapi.com/kesejahteraan-hewan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. D<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">iakses pada 16 November 2011</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bennedsgaard</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, T., and </span></span><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Thamsborg, SM. </span></strong><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Comparison of welfare assessment in organic dairy herds by the TGI200-protocol and a factor model based on clinical examinations and production parameters</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> : Austria diakses dari </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.veeru.rdg.ac.uk/organic/proc/Benn.htm</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fraser, David. 2008. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Understanding Animal Welfare</i>. Wiley-Blackwell : USA</span></div></div>Muhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10840615217552522658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1296415248306025992.post-58391332115460552422011-11-14T09:50:00.000-08:002011-11-14T09:50:11.487-08:00Aku, GC dan UGM<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jalan-jalan di pasar kembang</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan lupa beli manggis</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada monyet bisa baca</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuh dia lagi baca tulisan ini....</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">:-)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pepatah mengatakan “tak kenal maka kenalan dong....” Perkenalkan namaku cukup panjang, nama panggilanku “panjang”. Aku adalah aku, bukan dia, bukan mereka. Aku tidak tampan seperti Nazarudin, tidak kaya seperti Soeharto dan tidak punya pacar secantik Luna Maya. AKU ADALAH AKU.....</span></div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aku tinggal di desa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">njeblokan</i> yang dalam bahasa ibu artinya suatu daerah yang penuh lumpur<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">,</i> tapi aku lebih sering menyebutnya kuala lumpur. Ya biar lebih kerenlah. Aku memang orang desa, tetapi aku tidaklah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ndeso</i>. Jujur aku juga tidak pintar, tapi biarlah karena aku yakin hanya Dia yang maha meninggikan derajat. Sebenarnya tidak pernah terbayangkan olehku<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dapat melangkahkan kaki di kampus yang mewah ini.Tidak pernah terlihat dengan mata, terdengar dengan telinga dan terlintas dalam pikiran aku bisa menjadi mahasiswa. Ketika menerima pengumuman bahwa aku diterima menjadi mahasiswa Ugm, tidak percaya rasanya. Seketika aku sadar, nikmat yang mana dariMu yang bisa aku dustakan. Kuperhatikan wajah kedua orang tuaku, selama ini tidak pernah seceria itu. Aku berpikir tujuanku di jogja bukanlah mendapatkan bersenang-senang, berfoya-foya, menjadi orang kota, tetapi bagaimana caranya dapat membahagiakan mereka lagi untuk yang kedua kalinya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aku teringat oleh perkataan dari bapakku <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Ketika kuliah, kamu akan mendapatkan apa yang tidak mungkin kamu dapatkan disini”</i>. Benar sekali ketika saya kuliah saya mendapatkan banyak pengalaman. Disini lingkungannya sangat akademis, gedung kuliahnya bagus dan fasilitas-fasilitas penunjang pembelajaran yang lengkap. Sungguh menyedihkan hanya 2% dari warga indonesia yang bisa merasakan yang namanya kuliah. Jadi kita adalah termasuk orang-orang yang sangat beruntung, maka teman-teman gunakanlah kesempatan ini sebaik-baiknya. Ada sebuah puisi yang pernah saya baca, kurang lebih seperti ini:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sayang... negaraku sangat indah</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutannya sangat masih terjaga</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak ada pengangguran</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anak-anaknya bisa bersekolah</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Para pejabatnya pun jujur dan adil</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tapi ternyata aku sedang bermimpi sayang</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kenyataannya sangatlah perih</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua pasti tahu Ugm adalah kepanjangan dari Universitas Gadjah Mada. Akan tetapi teman-temanku <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sering memplesetkannya menjadi Universitas<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Gedhe Mbayare</i>. Sebenarnya tidak saya ingkari dibandingkan dengan universitas lain biaya kuliah di ugm termasuk murah. Akan tetapi yang namanya kuliah sangat sulit ditempuh dari mahasiswa kelas menengah ke bawah. Mari kita berkaca dalam bidang ini dengan negara mesir, jerman, austria dll yang tidak menarik biaya kuliah. Ini bukan hanya kesalahan dari para pejabat pemerintah, tetapi ini adalah kesalahan kita semua. Tugas kita sekarang sangat mudah, hanya belajar. Maka belajarlah dengan sungguh-sungguh. Aku untuk diriku, diriku untuk ugm, ugm untuk indonesia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari lingkungan kampus lah aku mulai belajar tentang cara berorganisasi yang benar. Saat <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini ada banyak organisasi yang saya ikuti, tentu semua itu sangat menguras waktu. Akhirnya tidak ada jalan lain, aku terpaksa mengurangi waktu istirahatku untuk aktif dalam organisasi-organisasi itu. Tetapi aku selalu bersemangat menjalaninya karena aku mempunyai prinsip <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“selama aku masih bisa bergerak, aku akan terus bergerak”.</i> Bergerak...bergerak dan bergerak... Selain itu aku selalu berpikir organisasi itu bukanlah menjadi beba,n tetapi organisasi itu seperti refresing untukku.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lambat laun aku mulai menyadari pentingnya sebuah organisasi. Tapi saya sayangkan ada beberapa organisasi yang hanya bertindak sebagai event organizer, padahal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>organisasi itu bukan hanya event organizer tetapi yang terpenting juga sebagai sarana untuk mengembangkan diri kita sendiri. Ada sebuah organisasi yang cukup menarik perhatianku, Gama Cendekia. Dilihat dari namanya GC adalah sebuah perkumpulan yang bersifat ilmiah & banyak kegiatan penelitian. Meski sebenarnya aku merasa kurang berbakat, tapi aku percaya <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Apabila kamu meniru suatu kaum, maka kamu termasuk golongan mereka”</i>. Mudah-mudahan aku dapat bergabung dengan kalian menjadi orang-orang cendekia dan dapat terus mengembangkan diri. Semoga dengan mengikuti organisasi ini dapat menjadikanku lebih bermanfaat bagi orang lain dan cepat mendapatkan jodoh :-D </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Essay “Aku, GJ & UGM” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini aku tulis sebagai syarat pendaftaran Unit Kegiatan Mahasiswa <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>GC, makanya maaf<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ya bila agak GJ hehehe</span></i></div></div>Muhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10840615217552522658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1296415248306025992.post-42596248671831158862011-11-14T09:45:00.000-08:002011-11-14T09:45:09.305-08:00Terheran-heran<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Sang waktu telah menghunus pedangnya mengarah tepat ke angka delapan, ini pertanda bahwa tutorial harus segera dimulai.. Tutor kami kali ini bernama drh.<i>*sebut saja bunga</i>, ia termasuk salah satu dosen killer ijo dari lab farmakologi. Tutor itu lalu duduk dan berkata “Ini sudah dipilih ketua, sekretaris ,dan penulis tutorial belum?” katanya dengan nada tinggi.<br />
<br />
“Belum dok” kata kami serentak dengan <i>ngeri</i>. Karena tidak ada yang bersedia menjadi ketua, akhirnya aku yang harus mengalah.<br />
<br />
Tutorial pun dimulai, aku membuka dengan doa dan sapaan ala ketua diskusi. Kami memasuki langkah pertama dalam tutorial yaitu mengartikan kata-kata yang sulit atau belum dimengerti agar pemahaman kita semua akan skenario sama. Satu persatu peserta tutorial menyatakan kata-kata yang menurut mereka sulit dimengerti. “TCL” Ok, “SCL”. Ok. “Sistem Pembelajaran”. Ok.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
Tiba-tiba salah satu temanku yang bernama Hope menyeletuk “Terheran-heran”, menurutnya terheran-heran termasuk kata sulit. Beberapa saat suasana tutorialpun menjadi sangat hening. Soalnya dalam tutorial kita tidak boleh menyalahkan. Aku spontan meringis-ringis menahan tawa. Kami merasa terheran-heran padanya, tutor pun juga ikut terheran-heran. “Saya heran, kenapa itu kamu masukkan itu ke kata sulit” katanya. Hahaha akhirnya semua menjadi beneran terheran-heran.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmgqH8ri8Um5ai21gkWFKGSpf99cw3VJF68qzB7iyoy4o8uXoGP3kAdH3lHxPZvwR1HMd-i6yIEfEOPx2X4dGXFuDNUQ2_Mxgj8R5UhAwtNLWaJgbEN4tLon4Fn5EP3fl7YlRgK2MTtC5q/s1600/afedfas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmgqH8ri8Um5ai21gkWFKGSpf99cw3VJF68qzB7iyoy4o8uXoGP3kAdH3lHxPZvwR1HMd-i6yIEfEOPx2X4dGXFuDNUQ2_Mxgj8R5UhAwtNLWaJgbEN4tLon4Fn5EP3fl7YlRgK2MTtC5q/s320/afedfas.jpg" width="256" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ini dia yang namanya Hope, model kamar mandi</td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
Tutorial pun dilanjutkan dan semua berjalan dengan lancar. Tetapi karena ini adalah tutorial pertama maka wajarlah bila agak hancur. Aku sebagai ketua mendapatkan kritikan bertubi-tubi dari tutor. Tak apalah, <b>kritikan jutru membuat diri kita terus berkembang. </b></div>Muhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10840615217552522658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1296415248306025992.post-60170973909302034672011-11-14T09:37:00.000-08:002011-11-14T09:37:51.004-08:00Tak Kenal Maka Ta’aruf<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Kepuyuh-puyuh pingin pipis rasanya. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kenapa???</i> Deg2an karena ini adalah pertama kalinya aku merasakan yang namanya kuliah. Datang tak dijemput, pulang pun tak diantar kira-kira jam enam aku sudah sampai di kampus<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. Wuuush rekooor</i>...!!! Padahal jam segitu teman2ku pada masih di istana kapuk (tidur), hahaha dasar anak Kos. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Senangnyaaa.....</i> Mulai sekarang mulai detik ini aku berstatus mahasiswa FKH UGM 100,0 %. Udah enggak bisa di kerjain ama kakak kelas lagi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ye ye ye</i> :P. Besok jadi panitia ospek ah biar bisa ngerjain adik kelas (baca: balas dendam), hihihihi yang sabar ya dek.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM5Pi5E_yqLmAb1TaKH7XVf_oXX_kEHQGtoRfC7z566AFjHY5dNiz0142pYyVKUTw67XSSpWLSga5SEwAImMvmBh9LM25WWLeRRDFJKN83mvPnKEHxGWGubHEi2yVbRtkUBytnJ1mjUa7B/s1600/34782_100478723338869_100001302241543_1861_1988594_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM5Pi5E_yqLmAb1TaKH7XVf_oXX_kEHQGtoRfC7z566AFjHY5dNiz0142pYyVKUTw67XSSpWLSga5SEwAImMvmBh9LM25WWLeRRDFJKN83mvPnKEHxGWGubHEi2yVbRtkUBytnJ1mjUa7B/s400/34782_100478723338869_100001302241543_1861_1988594_n.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"> </div><div class="MsoNormal">Setelah memarkirkan motorku di pojok barat, aku langsung mencari ruang tutorial. Setelah muter2 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gak jelas</i>, akhirnya dirimu kutemukan juga. Aku sandarkan tubuhku di kursi, sembari menunggu teman2 baru yang sekelompok tutorial denganku.<br />
<a name='more'></a></div><div class="MsoNormal">Kemudian samar-samar terdengar lagunya Zhifilia</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Menunggu....</i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sesuatu yang sangat menyebalkan bagiku.</i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Saat ku harus bersabar dan terus bersabar, menantikan kehadiran dirimu</i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Entah sampai kapaaaaaan</i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Beberapa saat kemudian terdengar suara kaki, teplok teplok....teplok teplok....,. Secara berduyun-duyun bagai pengungsi merapi teman2ku berdatangan. Kuperhatikan satu persatu dengan seksama datanglah wajah-wajah baru... polos... tapi sayang penuh dosa, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">waduh...</i> enggak ada yang aku kenal satupun. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWCJ6KKmlU56nrV8sI_4Zo4IU9G_q13mZZkYcH1dvQmj7lEwwpk7UPP-DYpvZdKR-i8FSMTirQLXgesuq8-v8l85502um5tTldJknxzOilZF1L_RsckvUmEPIFB9Y0t8AO6QHFCTUUwNJ_/s1600/Foto000.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWCJ6KKmlU56nrV8sI_4Zo4IU9G_q13mZZkYcH1dvQmj7lEwwpk7UPP-DYpvZdKR-i8FSMTirQLXgesuq8-v8l85502um5tTldJknxzOilZF1L_RsckvUmEPIFB9Y0t8AO6QHFCTUUwNJ_/s400/Foto000.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Para pengungsi merapi</td></tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal">Lama dan kelamaan dengan malu-malu tapi mau satu persatu dari kami berkenalan.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Perkenalkan nama saya Muhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufal”</i> kataku dengan malu-malu. Merekapun tersenyum sambil menganggukkan kepalanya. Dalam hati aku berpikir, segitu panjangnya namaku. Sekali dengar mereka pasti lupa.... kalau mereka menuliskan namaku pasti juga salah, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tak jamin duech</i>. Dulu ketika ujian aku sampai bingung menuliskannya di lembar jawaban, karena kolom yang di sediakan terlalu sempit. Kenapa ya orang tuaku enggak berpikir, akunya yang salah mungkin mustinya pas dilahirin <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mak ceprot</i> aku langsung bilang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Emak....nanti kalo kasih nama jangan panjang-panjang ya, saya kesulitan mengisi nama pas ujian”</i>.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Tapi subhanallah artinya nama ini, saya sendiri sampai malu mengartikannya disini. Amiiin Ya Rabb, makasih bapak, ibu’.... Adinda sayang kalian.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Setelah giliranku, selanjutnya teman2 juga memperkenalkan diri. Ternyata nama-nama mereka mirip makhluk asing. Orangnya juga aneh2, jangan2 mereka makhluk mars yang datang ke bumi atau barangkali mereka dilahirkan dari batu seperti tokoh film kesukaanku waktu kecil “Sun Go Kong”.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> “Perkenalkan Cuk, nama saya Dicky Dzikrul Arifin”,</i> kata temanku yang pake jaket jumper. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cuk</i> atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dancuk</i> atau kepanjangannya JANCUUUUK !!! (hihihi lega rasanya) adalah padanan kata dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">encuk</i> yang artinya bersetu*** <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(lulus sensor</i>), Tapi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cuk</i> suka digunakan sebagai panggilan persahabatan yang erat. Oia, satu lagi. Tulisannya si Dicky parah banget, sepertinya dia memang cocok jadi calon dokter. Tulisan dokter manusia aja udah parah, gimana kalau dokter hewan. Kayak <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ceker pitik</i> mustinya. Yang perlu diketahui oleh pembaca, semua laki-laki di kelompok kami semua tulisannya kayak tulisan sansekerta.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Perkenalkan Daaaaaap, nama gue Firman Akbar Romadhon”</i>, kata temanku. Memanggil dengan kata “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dap</i>” adalah ciri khas Firman, saya sendiri kurang tahu artinya. Firman atau bisa juga di panggil Vman Hope (Namanya di Facebook). Nasibmu nak, nama Fb lebih terkenal dari nama Aslinya. Hope adalah anak dari peternak ayam. Makanya dia suka ngejar2 ayam kampus. Terakhir kali muncul makhluk ini terlihat asyik mengejar-ngejar ayam-ayam broiler di kampus kadang dia juga tertarik pada nino (nama monyet) di UP2KH. Penampilannya yang paling gaul geol-geol di kelompok kami, ya kayak anak enggak punya rumahlah. Pacarnya namanya Nissa, orangnya cantik santri lagi *katanya lho. Ckckck.... Pacarnya cantik dianya olo <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(jelek) hehe peace dap</i>. Tapi Vman orangnya setia banget sama pacarnya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(setia apa enggak laku dap)</i> Dia orang yang paling banyak bercanda di kelompok kami, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">enggak ada loe gak rame.</i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Namaku Dwi Kristanto, dari trenggaleeek”</i> kata dwi. Nama panggilannya dwi, tapi kita biasanya kita memanggilnya Dwi PK (penjahat Kelamin), entah apa maksudnya. Yang buat istilah si Vman Hope, jadi tanya ke dia aja ya ya ya. Nama penanya adalah Dewi Kristanti, lhoooh..... Oia, dia laki-laki yang paling rajin di kelompok kami *rajin minjamin kita tugas-tugas kuliah. Selain sebagai data center tugas-tugas kuliah, dia adalah ketua genk kami. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> “Aku Dwi Nawang Wicaksono, dari wates”</i> kata seorang laki-laki dengan pelan dan khusyuk sekali. Pertama kali aku mendengar namanya aku langsung membayangkan seorang wanita yang putih, cantik, tinggi dan berambut panjang, seperti dalam cerita dongeng “Nawang Wulan”. Padahal aku selalu berdo’a di sepertiga malam terakhir Nawang wulan yang masuk kelompok kami, eh malah nawang wicaksono <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ahhh shiiit.....</i> Nawang itu orangnya pinter, bisa di bilang jeniuslah. Tapi sedikit lebih pinter aku, tapi banyakan dia.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Perkenalke name inyong Titah Nuhoni Saputri tapi kalo malam jadi saputro, bisa di panggil Titah”</i> Kata Titah dengan bahasa khas ngapaknya.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Selanjutnya ada Wahyu Rustriasih yang dulu aku sering salah kirim sms. Niatnya pingin kirim sms ke wahyu febrianto eh keliru ke wahyu yang ini.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Terus ada juga orang batak, Golda florencia Putri Gusar. Orangnya seperti namanya. Dia merupakan orang yang paling berkuasa di kelompok, semua takut membuatnya marah. Kalau marah apa saja bisa dibuat perkedel. Tapi dia sangat baik hati lho, dan “enggak sombong tentunya”.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Ada juga Eisya sista, orang jakarta bro.... Lumayan punya teman orang jakarta, bisa dapat penginapan gratis kalo kesana. Makan juga gratis ya sist :D</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Trus si “Ikha”, orangnya polos dan pendiam. Dia juga baik denganku. Hehe.... aku baru sadar ternyata teman2ku semua baik sekali terhadapku.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Ada juga Cahya Purnama Sari, cewe’ berjilbab ini orangnya pinter dan rajin. Kelinci2nya<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> unyu-unyuuu.... </i>>_<</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Ada lagi enggak ya, oia Innes Larasati. Perempuan ini sangat-sangat misterius seperti hantu, dia termasuk makhluk gaib. Karena aku belum pernah melihatnya, tak pernah kudengar suaranya dan wajahnya tak pernah terlintas dalam pikiranku. Bukannya enggak kelihatan, tapi dia <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">belom</i> pernah ikut tutorial bersama kami. Dikabarkan dia pindah ke universitas lain.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://a5.sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-ash4/316824_1568615950888_1700151669_846079_1814535803_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://a5.sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-ash4/316824_1568615950888_1700151669_846079_1814535803_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Dari kolompok tutorial inilah akhirnya terbentuklah sebuah genk, genk pertama di kedokteran hewan. Namanya Genk <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rewo-rewo</i> HSPK (Himpunan Study Penjahat Kelamin) cabang UGM (Universitas Gemar Menabung), hahaha tenang jgn berpikir macam-macam dulu. Kepanjangannya dari hspk dapat berubah sesuai situasi dan kondisi seperti Himpunan studi pelajar kreatif, Himpunan studi pecinta kucing atau bahkan Himpunan studi pelajar keren. Apapun namanya yang penting hspk dapat mempersatukan kami. Dan anggota hspk terus bertambah dari tahun-ketahun, pada tahun 2011 anggotanya mencapai 30 orang. SALAM HSPK JAYA...!!!</div></div>Muhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10840615217552522658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1296415248306025992.post-29334873338931276962011-11-14T09:14:00.000-08:002011-11-14T09:14:32.956-08:00Gema Takbir<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://kucer.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/jiwasukses-menangis2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="146" src="http://kucer.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/jiwasukses-menangis2.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>Gema takbir membahana menembus gulitanya malam<br />
Entah kenapa hamba merindukan suasana<br />
Bukankah hamba biasa mandengarnya?<br />
Tak hanya suara kosong, tak ada arti<br />
Tapi suara yang disertai getaran hati<br />
Penuh takut dan cinta pada Rabb-nya<br />
<br />
Gema takbir berkumandang seantero jagad<br />
Menumbuhkan pohon keimanan di hati yang gersang<br />
Tak ingin hamba melewatkan satu pun kata<br />
Kata yg tak hanya indah mengalun<br />
Tapi dapat menembus kulit dan daging<br />
Mensucikan jiwa, melembutkan hati<br />
<br />
Gema takbir desertai dengan cinta<br />
Cinta dari Hamba-Nya yang hina dan penuh cela<br />
Begitu Indah dan sejuk mahabbatullah<br />
Mengiringi suara takbir yang ku rindu <br />
Akankah hamba mendapatinya lagi kelak?</div>Muhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10840615217552522658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1296415248306025992.post-49138431388876131182011-11-14T09:09:00.000-08:002011-11-14T09:09:03.268-08:00Ospek-ospek<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Masa kecilku terekam indah di kota ini, setelah bertahun-tahun aku berkesempatan hidup lagi untuk yang kedua kalinya disini. Besok saya harus mengikuti suatu ritual wajib bagi maba, yaitu <b>"ospek"</b>. Karena tidak kos akhirnya terpaksa tinggal di rumah kosong yang ada di bantul, alhamdulillah sekarang rumah itu itu ada penunggunya. Hanya aku yang tinggal disitu, kadang-kadang aku merasa sendirian di kota orang. <i>Malangnya nasibmu nak</i><br />
<br />
Pagi-pagi sebelum sang fajar menampakkan diri aku sudah berangkat ke kampus. Aku harus datang tepat jam 6 untuk mengikuti ospek, jadi setelah sahur atau dalam keadaan setengah sadar aku langsung mandi dan bersiap-siap. Setelah siap, saya langsung menduduki istri kesayanganku (Baca: sepeda motor). Sebenarnya aku belum bisa naik motor, belajar naik motor pun baru saja makanya cari sim pun nembak atau bahasa halusnya <b>“enggak pake tes</b>”. Alhamdulilah setengah jam kemudian aku sampai di bunderan ugm, dengan selamat dan tanpa kurang suatu apapun. Karena maba-maba tidak diperbolehkan membawa motor di area kampus aku harus memakirkan motorku di panti rapih, lalu berjalan kaki menuju ke fakultas.<br />
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Ketika sampai di fakultas aku langsung disambut oleh kakak angkatan dengan sepasang tanduk di atas kepalanya. Siap mengerjai (baca:menyiksa) kami di bulan puasa ini. Pagi-pagi kami disuruh menyanyi, g’ sesuai umurku banget kan. Setelah itu upacara dan kegiatan melebaikan lainnya. Padahal ketika SMA saya tidak pernah ikut upacara, karena saya mengikuti PKS (Patroli Keamanan Sekolah). Enaknya....ketika yang lain berdiri panas-panas saya bisa jalan2, duduk2, dan yang paling parah tidur di masjid hehehe. Ketika ospek aku mulai berkenalan orang-orang dari berbagai daerah dengan kepribadian yang berbeda-beda, intinya harus dapat beradaptasi. Kami pulang ospek ketika menjelang maghrib. Payahnya saya masih harus jalan kaki mengambil motor di panti rapih, kira-kira dari fakultas 2 km jaraknya, belum buka puasa, belum ngerjakan tugas ospek. Ya Allah, <i>paringono</i> sabar. Dan ketika adzan isya’ terdengar saya baru sampai di rumah. Untung saya selalu ingat kata-kata ayahku yang selalu membuatku bersemangat, yaitu <b>“Penderitaan justru membuat kita terus maju”.</b><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjRmawvL3hs7550GPbj1OMy6gOV8ZdF4Vtfh8TANs7FHM7WtzBl_-UXMUTHYokNQCgb5j20eqYAcm_wtk1-k67Hn9mZFrsRsTWzKz1v7h7khPmcAoSoFfN_kIQ5fK9Z1kDRRlUW56ddzRc/s1600/44641_153511687992294_100000003922843_476827_7941603_n-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjRmawvL3hs7550GPbj1OMy6gOV8ZdF4Vtfh8TANs7FHM7WtzBl_-UXMUTHYokNQCgb5j20eqYAcm_wtk1-k67Hn9mZFrsRsTWzKz1v7h7khPmcAoSoFfN_kIQ5fK9Z1kDRRlUW56ddzRc/s400/44641_153511687992294_100000003922843_476827_7941603_n-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Teman-teman seperjuangan kelompok "Nutrisi" ketika Ospek</td></tr>
</tbody></table>Ketika ospek telah usai, entah kenapa justru saya rindu suasana ospek. Dari situlah saya mulai belajar <b>menghargai suatu proses</b>. Nah untuk adik-adik nikmatilah masa sma mu, nikmatilah saat-saaat ospek betapa pun beratnya. Suatu saat, pasti ingin kamu rasanya mengulang masa itu kembali. Ok ok ^_^</div></div>Muhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10840615217552522658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1296415248306025992.post-58069647759413822142011-11-14T07:06:00.000-08:002011-11-14T07:06:23.257-08:00Kode Etik Dokter Hewan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-size: large;">I. Learning Objective</span><br />
1. Bagaimana sejarah, lambang dan semboyan kedokteran hewan?<br />
2. Bagaimana perbedaan organisasi teritorial dan non teritorial beserta contohnya?<br />
3. Bagaimana kode etik dokter hewan?<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">II. Pembahasan</span><br />
<b>1. Bagaimana sejarah, lambang dan semboyan kedokteran hewan?</b><br />
• Sejarah<br />
Profesi Veteriner merupakan profesi yang sangat tua di dunia yang muncul sebagai pengembangan dari Profesi Kedokteran di zaman Yunani Kuno pada 460-367 Sebelum Masehi(SM) oleh Bapak Kedokteran di dunia yaitu Hippocrates.<br />
Metode kedokteran dan dasar-dasar filosofi kedokteran yang dikembangkan oleh Hippokrates sangat dipahami dan dihayati oleh seorang ilmuwan bernama Aristoteles (lahir 384 SM) yang menerapkannya pada penanganan penyakit-penyakit hewan.<br />
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Pencetus Kedokteran Perbandingan (Comparative Medicine) yaitu penerapan metode medik yang dipelajari untuk kedokteran manusia kepada spesies hewan adalah Aristoteles .Ia sangat terkenal dengan bukunya “Historia Animalium” (Story of Animals) yang menguraikan lebih dari 500 spesies hewan. Ia juga menulis buku tentang “Pathology Hewan” yang mengungkapkan tentang penyakit-penyakit hewan serta memperkenalkan Kastrasi pada hewan ternak muda dan efeknya pada pertumbuhan dan banyak lagi metode-metode kedokteran pada berbagai spesies hewan.<br />
Profesi kesehatan di zaman dahulu kala dimanapun, berakar dari Mythologi dan hal-hal gaib (magic). Di zaman Yunani kuno, cerita tentang dewa-dewa penyakit dan penyembuh antara lain Apollo, Chiron(digambarkan sebagai manusia berbadan kuda= centaur) dan murid-muridnya antara lain yang terkenal adalah Asklepios (latin : Aesculapius) seorang manusia biasa yang berkemampuan menyembuhkan penyakit manusia dan hewan.<br />
Simbol dari Aesculapius adalah Ular (As) dan Melingkar (klepios) di batang pohon dimana ular tidak beracun ini merupakan lambang sacral cara penyembuhan zaman kuno. Symbol kedokteran kemudian mengambil dari symbol Aesculapius , sedangkan profesi kedokteran hewan (veteriner) ada yang mengambil Centaur atau Aesculapius. Maka lambang profesi veteriner mencantumkan huruf “V” dari kata “veterinarius” bersamaan dengan lambang kedokteran (ular melingkar di tongkat) atau menggunakan Centaur.<br />
Sejarah kata Veteriner ada beberapa versi, slah satunya di zaman Romawi Kuno dikenal bangsa Estruscans yang sangat menyukai kuda dan sapi. Hal ini tampak dari gambar-gambar yang merupakan peninggalan kuno. Hewan pada masa itu mempunyai nilai sakral ataupun nilai martabat dan pada ritual-ritual khusus digunakan sebagai hewan kurban. Kumpulan hewan kurban yang terdiri dari kombinasi beberapa jenis hewan antara lain babi (sus), biri-biri (ovis), sapu jantan (bull) disebut “souvetaurilia”, dan pekerjanya disebut sou-vetaurinarii, yang kemudian diyakini sebagai lahirnya istilah “veterinarius”. Kemungkinan dari terminology lain masih di masa Romawi, dikenal hewan beban sebagai “veterina” dan suatu kamp penyimpanan hewan-hewan tersebut disebut “veterinarium”. Term “veterinarii” juga digunakan pada dokumen kuno sebagai “orang yang memiliki kekebalan khusus” karena memiliki “kompetensi khusus”.<br />
• Lambang<br />
Profesi Veteriner berlambangkan sebuah tongkat dengan 3 mahkota yang dililit ular menghadap ke kanan dan dibawahnya terdapat huruf “V” .Ketiga komponen ditampung dalam lingkaran berwarna ungu.Makna masing-masing bagian adalah :<br />
1. Tongkat : Tongkat Aesculapius (As : ular, clepios : melilit),adalah symbol umum yang melambangkan kedokteran.Filosofi tongkat adalah bahwa tongkat ini dulunya selalu dibawa oleh Cypress yang melambangkan kekuatan dan solidaritas para dokter hewan. Tongkat tiga mahkota yang mencirikan profesi medik yaitu mengangkat sumpah profesi, berkode etik dan kompetensi layananannya dijamin dengan perizinan<br />
2. Ular : melambangkan alat penyembuh karena ular meneluarkan suatu zat yamh dapat menyembunkan.Sifat ular selau berganti kulit berfilosofi bahwa setiap dokter hewan harus selalu meningkatkan ilmu pengetahuan dan ketrampilannya.<br />
3. Huruf “V” : berarti Veteriner , yaitu profesi dokter hewan.<br />
4. Warna ungu : melambangkan keagungan.<br />
5. Lingkaran : melambangkan perhimpunan atau perkumpulan<br />
• Semboyan<br />
Pada kedokteran hewan, upaya-upaya kesehatan yang diembannya mencakup 2 tanggung jawab yang dikenal sebagai Manusya Mriga Satwa Sewaka yaitu :<br />
1. Kepada hewannya : menyehatkan kembali hewan-hewan hidup yang sakit dan memastikan bahwa penyakit hewan yang dibawanya tidak membahayakan kelompok hewan dan lingkungan lainnya <br />
2. Kepada manusianya : mensejahterakan masyarakat manusia dengan mengupayakan menekan resiko-resiko mengalami gangguan kesehatan dan kerugian akibat adanya penyakit hewan menular dan zoonotik baik berasal dari hewan hidup maupun dari bahan asal hewan (Bagja, 2006).<br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>2. Bagaimana perbedaan organisasi teritorial dan non teritorial beserta contohnya?</b><br />
• Organisasi teritorial adalah organisasi yang mempunyai batasan-batasan wilayah kerja<br />
Contohnya: PDHI dengan cabang-cabangnya yang memiliki wilayah kerja<br />
Perhimpunan Dokter Hewan Indonesia (PDHI) didirikan pada 9 Januari 1953 di Lembang, Bandung yang sebelumnya bernama Perhimpunan Ahli Ilmu Kehewanan Indoneisa (PAIKH).<br />
Isterinya mempunyai nama PIDHI ( Persatuan Istri Dokter Hewan Indonesia)<br />
Pengurus Pusat : PB-PDHI (Pengurus Besar Persatuan Dokter Hewan Indonesia) mempunyai cabang di seluruh Indonesia<br />
Visi : menjadi organisasi profesi terkemuka.<br />
Misi : meningkatkan sumber daya manusia, orang. dan masyarakat; pelayanan jasa veteriner; komunikasi; kepedulian kesmavet, lingkungan dan Animal Welfare<br />
Motto : Manusya Mriga Satwa Sewaka (mengabdi untuk kesejahteraan manusia melalui dunia hewan)<br />
(Yudhabuntara, 2011).<br />
Terdiri dari beberapa unsur, yaitu :<br />
a. Pengurus Besar<br />
b. PDHI Cabang yang berjumlah 40 (terus bertambah karena OTDA)<br />
c. Organisasi seminat/ sekeahlian (Organisasi Non Teritorial/ ONT) sebanyak 10<br />
d. Kolegium Majelis Pendidikan Profesi Dokter Hewan<br />
e. Majelis Kehormatan Perhimpunan<br />
f. Kelompok Kerja-kelompok kerja dengan tugas khusus<br />
g. Yayasan Hemera Zoa<br />
h. Forum MoU PTKHI (Pendidikan Tinggi Kedokteran Hewan Indonesia), yaitu pelimpahan Program Pendidikan Kedokteran Hewan dari PB-PDHI kepada FKH-FKH sekuruh Indonesia<br />
i. Badan Usaha<br />
Dasar hukum berdirinya PDHI adalah sesuai :<br />
a. UU No.8 th 1985 tentang Organisasi Kemasyarakatan dan PP no.18 th 1986.<br />
b. Terdaftar di DepDagri dengan no. 80/D.III.2/V/2005 harus selalu diperbaharui setiap selesai kongres).<br />
c. Sebagai Badan Hukum dengan akte Notaris No. 41 tgl 30 juni 1999 tentang pendirian PDHI.<br />
PDHI adalah organisasi Non Profit yang berarti tidak mencari keuntungan usaha sebagai tujuan utama akan tetapi mencari dana untuk menjaga kelangsungan hidup dan fungsi organisasi, sehingga PDHI terkena wajib pajak dan memiliki NPWP.<br />
Majelis Kehormatan Perhimpunan.<br />
Dalam rangka penyelesaian adanya masalah pelanggaran etika, perselisihan antar sejawat veteriner, masalah hukum yang dituduhkan sebagai kelalaian profesi (malpraktek) PDHI mempunyai MKP yang mekanisme kerjanya diatur dalam AD/ART.<br />
Majelis Pendidikan Profesi Kedokteran Hewan<br />
Merupakam suatu Konsorsium FKH se-Indonesia dan PB-PDHI yang mengurusi berbagai hal yang berkaitan dengan kualitas profesi kedokteran hewan antara lain: pengembangan pendidikan, standardisasi, monitoring dan evaluasi pendidikan, menyusun akreditasi internal pendidikan berkelanjutan, standar kompetensi.<br />
• Organisasi non teritorial adalah organisasi di bawah naungan PDHI yang dibentuk berdasarkan keinginan sekelompok Dokter Hewan yang seminat/sekeahlian/sebidang kerja melalui suatu prosedur, memperoleh pengesahan oleh Pengurus Besar PDHI dan tidak mempunyai batasan-batasan wilayah kerja.<br />
Dasar-dasar pembentukan ONT adalah :<br />
1. Kesamaan dalam keahlian untuk spesies hewan tertentu<br />
2. Kesamaan dalam keahlian disiplin ilmu veteriner tertentu<br />
3. Kesamaan dalam bidang kerja yang tunduk pada rambu-rambu profesi veteriner<br />
Contohnya:<br />
1. Ikatan Dokter Hewan Sapi Perah Indonesia<br />
2. Asosiasi Dokter Hewan Satwa Liar, Aquatik dan Hewan Eksotik Indonesia<br />
3. Asosiasi Dokter Hewan Praktisi Hewan Kecil Indonesia<br />
4. Asosiasi Kesmavet Indonesia<br />
5. Asosiasi Pathologi Veteriner Indonesia<br />
6. Asosiasi Dokter Hewan Perunggasan Indonesia<br />
7. Asosiasi Dokter Hewan Praktisi Hewan Laboratorium Indonesia<br />
8. Ikatan Dokter Hewan Karantina Indonesia<br />
9. Asosiasi Epidemiologi Veteriner Indonesia <br />
10. Asosiasi Dokter Hewan Praktisi Kuda Indonesia (dalam proses)<br />
11. Asosiasi Farmakologi dan Farmasi Veteriner Indonesia (Bagja, 2006).<br />
<br />
<b>3. Bagaimana kode etik dokter hewan?</b><br />
BAB I<br />
KEWAJIBAN UMUM<br />
Pasal 1<br />
Dokter Hewan merupakan Warga Negara yang baik yang memanifestasikan dirinya dalam cara berpikir, bertindak dan menampilkan diri dalam sikap dan budi pekerti luhur dan penuh sopan santun.<br />
Pasal 2<br />
Dokter Hewan diharapkan menjujung tinggi Sumpah/Janji Kode Etik Dokter Hewan.<br />
Pasal 3<br />
Dokter Hewan tidak akan menggunakan profesinya bertentangan dengan perikemanusiaan dan usaha pelestarian sumber daya alam.<br />
Pasal 4<br />
Dokter Hewan tidak mencantumkan gelar yang tidak ada relevansinya dengan profesi yang dijalankannya.<br />
Pasal 5<br />
Dokter Hewan wajib mematuhi perundangan dan peraturan yang berlaku.<br />
Pasal 6<br />
Dokter Hewan wajib berhati – hati dalam mengumumkan dan menerapkan setiap penemuan teknik therapi atau obat baru yang belum teruji kebenarannya.<br />
Pasal 7<br />
Dokter Hewan wajib berhati-hati dalam menulis artikel atau hasil analisa yang dapat menimbulkan polemik maupun kekhawatiran publik tanpa didasari kajian ilmiah<br />
Pasal 8<br />
Dokter Hewan menerima imbalan sesuai dengan jasa yang diberikan kecuali dengan keikhlasan, sepengetahuan dan kehendak klien sendiri.<br />
BAB II<br />
KEWAJIBAN TERHADAP PROFESI<br />
Pasal 9<br />
Dokter Hewan dalam menjalankan profesinya wajib mematuhi persyaratan umum dan khusus<br />
yang berlaku sehingga citra profesi dan korsa terpelihara karenanya<br />
Pasal 10<br />
Dokter Hewan tidak mengajarkan ilmu kedokteran hewan yang bisa mendorong ilmu tersebut disalah gunakan.<br />
Pasal 11<br />
Dokter Hewan yang melakukan praktek memasang papan nama sebagai informasi praktek yang tidak berlebihan.<br />
Pasal 12<br />
Dokter Hewan yang tidak melakukan praktek hendaknya merujuk ke Dokter Hewan praktek apabila ada klien yang meminta jasa pelayanan medik.<br />
Pasal 13<br />
Pemasangan iklan dalam media massa hanya dalam rangka pemberitahuan mulai buka, pindah atau penutupan prakteknya.<br />
Pasal 14<br />
Dokter Hewan dianjurkan menulis artikel dalam media massa dan jurnal veteriner.<br />
Pasal 15<br />
Dokter Hewan tidak membantu atau mendorong adanya praktek ilegal bahkan wajib melaporkan bilamana mengetahui adanya praktek ilegal itu.<br />
Pasal 16<br />
Dokter Hewan wajib melaporkan kejadian penyakit menular kepada instansi yang berwenang.<br />
Pasal 17<br />
Dokter Hewan ikut berpartisipasi aktif dalam mensosialisasikan Kesehatan Masyarakat Veteriner, kesejahteraan hewan dan pelestarian alam.<br />
BAB III<br />
KEWAJIBAN TERHADAP PASIEN<br />
Pasal 18<br />
Dokter Hewan memperlakukan pasien dengan penuh perhatian dan kasih sayang sebagaimana arti tersebut bagi pemiliknya, dan menggunakan segala pengetahuannya, keterampilannya dan pengalamannya untuk kepentingan pasiennya.<br />
Pasal 19<br />
Dokter Hewan siap menolong pasien dalam keadaan darurat dan atau memberikan jalan keluarnya apabila tidak mampu dengan merujuk ke sejawat lainnya yang mampu melakukannya.<br />
Pasal 20<br />
Pasien yang selesai dikonsultasikan oleh seorang sejawat wajib dikembalikan kepada sejawat yang meminta konsultasi.<br />
Pasal 21<br />
Dokter Hewan dengan persetujuan kliennya dapat melakukan Euthanasia (mercy sleeping), karena diyakininya tindakan itulah yang terbaik sebagai jalan keluar bagi pasien dan kliennya.<br />
Pasal 22<br />
Dokter Hewan yang melakukan praktek pada suatu peternakan, mengutamakan kesehatan hewan dan pencegahan terhadap perluasan penyakit yang dapat berakibat kerugian ekonomi dan sosial.<br />
BAB IV<br />
KEWAJIBAN TERHADAP KLIEN<br />
Pasal 23<br />
Dokter Hewan menghargai klien untuk memilih Dokter Hewan yang diminati.<br />
Pasal 24<br />
Dokter Hewan menghargai klien untuk setuju / tidak setuju dengan prosedur dan tindakan medik yang hendak dilakukan Dokter Hewan setelah diberi penjelasan akan alasan-alasannya sesuai dengan ilmu Kedokteran Hewan.<br />
Pasal 25<br />
Dokter Hewan tidak menanggapi keluhan (complain) versi klien mengenai sejawat lainnya. <br />
Pasal 26<br />
Dokter Hewan melakukan client education dan memberikan penjelasan mengenai penyakit yang sedang diderita hewannya dan kemungkinan – kemungkinan lainnya yang dapat terjadi. Dalam segala hal yang penting dan harus dilakukan demi kebaikan pasien dengan segala resikonya maka dokter hewan menyampaikan secara transparan termasuk segala resiko yang terburuk sekalipun.<br />
Pasal 27<br />
Dokter Hewan yang melakukan praktek, tehnical service, tehnical sales dan konsultan veteriner tidak memaksakan kehendak dalam pemakaian obat, vaksin maupun imbuhan pakan tanpa argumentasi ilmiah.<br />
BAB V<br />
KEWAJIBAN TERHADAP<br />
SEJAWAT DOKTER HEWAN<br />
Pasal 28<br />
Dokter Hewan memperlakukan sejawat lainnya seperti dia ingin diperlakukan seperti dirinya sendiri.<br />
Pasal 29<br />
Dokter Hewan tidak akan mencemarkan nama baik sejawat Dokter Hewan lainnya<br />
Pasal 30<br />
Dokter Hewan wajib menjawab konsultasi yang diminta sejawatnya menurut pengetahuan, keterampilan dan pengalaman yang dapat dipertanggung jawabkan secara ilmiah dan etikal serta telah terbukti menyelesaikan masalah yang sama dengan baik dan benar.<br />
Pasal 31<br />
Dokter Hewan memberikan pengalamannya yang bermanfaat dalam pertemuan sejawat.<br />
Pasal 32<br />
Dokter Hewan tidak melakukan pendekatan-pendekatan/menghasut klien dengan maksud untuk menyarankan berpindah ke sejawat lainnya.<br />
Pasal 33<br />
Dokter hewan yang akan membuka pelayanan kesehatan hewan/medik veteriner dan melakukan praktek di suatu tempat dalam wilayah tertentu , harus membuat pemberitahuan kepada sejawat Dokter hewan yang lebih dahulu berpraktek di lingkungan yang sama atau berdekatan .<br />
BAB VI<br />
KEWAJIBAN TERHADAP DIRI SENDIRI<br />
Pasal 34<br />
Dokter Hewan wajib memelihara bahkan meningkatkan kondisi dirinya sehingga selalu berpenampilan prima dalam menjalankan profesinya.<br />
Pasal 35<br />
Dokter Hewan tidak mengiklankan kelebihan dirinya secara berlebihan.<br />
Pasal 36<br />
Dokter Hewan wajib selalu mempertajam pengetahuan, keterampilan dan meningkatkan perilakunya dengan cara mengikuti perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi Kedokteran Hewan terkini .<br />
BAB VII<br />
PENUTUP<br />
Pasal 37<br />
Dokter Hewan harus berusaha dengan sungguh-sungguh untuk menghayati, mematuhi dan mengamalkan Kode Etik Dokter Hewan Indonesia dalam pekerjaan profesinya sehari-hari, demi martabat profesi dan kepercayaan masyarakat kepada pengabdian dokter hewan bagi masyarakat, bangsa dan negara melalui dunia hewan (Manusya Mriga Satwa Sewaka).<br />
Kode Etik Dokter Hewan Indonesia, merupakan perjanjian yang mengikat setiap Dokter Hewan untuk mematuhi norma-norma dan nilai-nilai yang baik dan buruk , salah dan benar yang disepakati nasional dan berlaku bagi korps profesi dokter hewan di Indonesia ,harus dihayati dan diimplementasikan secara bertanggung jawab dalam melaksanakan pekerjaan profesinya. <br />
Kode Etik dan nilai-nilai etika yang bersifat spesifik medik veteriner dan melekat pada tindakan teknis medis oleh dokter hewan sesuai dengan kespesialisasian spesies maupun disiplin ilmu kedokteran hewan perlu disusun tersendiri.<br />
Oleh karena itu, setiap Dokter Hewan harus menjaga citra profesi dan nama baik dokter hewan sebagai profesi yang mulia dengan menjauhkan diri dari perbuatan yang bertentangan atau tidak sesuai dengan UU ,Kode Etik dan Sumpah profesi (PDHI. 2010)<br />
.<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">III. Daftar Pustaka</span><br />
PDHI. 2010. AD PDHI dan Kode Etik. Kongres ke 16 Perhimpunan Dokter Hewan Indonesia<br />
Bagja, Wiwiek. 2006. Profesi Dokter Hewan di Indonesia. Yogyakarta : Universitas Gadjah Mada<br />
Yudhabuntara, Doddy. 2011. Etika Profesi Veteriner. Yogyakarta : Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan UGM</div>Muhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10840615217552522658noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1296415248306025992.post-42485722164835668512011-11-14T06:55:00.000-08:002011-11-14T07:01:11.015-08:00Tentangku<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc4/hs250.snc4/39852_1243396584630_1820834220_457698_6993913_n.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Muhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufal" border="0" height="320" src="http://sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc4/hs250.snc4/39852_1243396584630_1820834220_457698_6993913_n.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>Nama: "Muhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufal", alias Naufal Bin Abdullah, alias Tengku Nauf, alias Forantum alias MNNN alias MN3, alias Imam Samudra, haha yang terakhir bercanda lho<br />
<br />
<br />
Nama Panggilan: Naufal, Dek Naufal, Mas Naufal, Kang Naufal, Pak Naufal. Yang penting jangan mbah ya, tua amaaat.<br />
<br />
Tempat, tanggal lahir: Sragen 30 Juni 1992<br />
<br />
Hobi: Blogging. Apa itu blogging? G' tahu? Ndesooo....<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
Sekolah: TK Aisyiah Gemolong, SD Negeri 2 Gemolong, SMP Negeri 1 Gemolong, SMA N 1 Gemolong, UGM fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, sampai sekarang.<br />
<br />
Tentangku: Seorang blogger pemula yang sedang belajar tentang dunia blogosphere. Saya itu orangnya pendiam, heleh pokoknya biasa saja. Yang penting saya adalah seorang Muslim (apa hubungannya haha)<br />
<br />
Makanan yang disukai: Sate madura, Mi atjeh, Kupi atjeh, Gado-gado jogja dan satu lagi, aku kangen masakan ibukku.<br />
<br />
Wanita yang disukai: Jilbabers hohoho<br />
<br />
<br />
Prinsip Hidup: KKN <i>(Kuliah Kerja Nikah).</i><br />
<br />
Cita-cita: Dokter Hewan, peternak, dosen.<br />
<br />
Motto: Man Jadda Wa jadda <i>(Barangsiapa berusaha, pasti bisa)</i> betul....betul....betul...<br />
<br />
<br />
Kutipan favorit: Semua penulis akan mati. Hanya karyanyalah yang akan abadi. Maka tulislah sesuatu yang membahagiakan dirimu di akhirat nanti. (Ali bin Abi Thalib)</div>Muhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10840615217552522658noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1296415248306025992.post-62897789552473044962011-11-06T06:18:00.000-08:002011-11-06T06:18:24.061-08:00Tentang Makromolekul<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-size: large;">I. Learning Objective</span><br />
1. Bagaimana struktur, jenis dan fungsi makromolekul?<br />
2. Bagaimana proses metabolisme protein?<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">II. Pembahasan</span><br />
1. Bagaimana struktur, jenis dan fungsi makromolekul?<br />
A. KARBOHIDRAT<br />
Rumus umum dari karbohidrat adalah : Cn(H2O)n atau CnH2nOn. Kabohidrat mengandung karbon yang bersenyawa dengan hidrogen dan oksigen.<br />
• Monosakarida: merupakan gula sederhana.<br />
• Disakarida: Dibentuk oleh kombinasi kimia dari 2 molekul monosakarida dengan pembebasan satu molekul air.<br />
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• Trisakarida: trisakarida rafinase terdiri atas satu molekul masing-masing glukose, galaktose, fruktose<br />
• Polisakarida: Tersusun atas sejumlah molekul gula sederhana (Frandson. 1993).<br />
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/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
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mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
table.MsoTableGrid
{mso-style-name:"Table Grid";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-priority:59;
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border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid windowtext;
mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style> <![endif]--> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel 1. Klasifikasi Karbohidrat</span></i></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td rowspan="7" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Monosakarida</span></div></td> <td rowspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pentose</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arabinose</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ribose</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Xilose</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Heksose</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fruktose</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Galaktose</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Glukose</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manose</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disakarida</span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 308.1pt;" valign="top" width="411"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selobinase (glukose dan glukose ikatan beta)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 308.1pt;" valign="top" width="411"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Laktase (galaktose dan glukose ikatan beta)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 308.1pt;" valign="top" width="411"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Maltase (glukose dan glukose ikatan alfa)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 308.1pt;" valign="top" width="411"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sukrose (glukose dan fruktose ikatan alfa)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Trisakarida</span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 308.1pt;" valign="top" width="411"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melezitose (glukose, fruktose, dan glukose)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 308.1pt;" valign="top" width="411"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rafinase (fruktose, glukose, dan galaktose)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Polisakarida</span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 308.1pt;" valign="top" width="411"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Solulose (glukose, ikatan beta)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 308.1pt;" valign="top" width="411"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dekstrin (glukose, ikatan alfa dan alfa)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 308.1pt;" valign="top" width="411"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Glikogen (glukose, ikatan alfa dan alfa)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 16;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 308.1pt;" valign="top" width="411"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inulin (fruktose, ikatan beta)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 17;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 308.1pt;" valign="top" width="411"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Amilopektin (alfa dan alfa)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 18; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Campuran</span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 308.1pt;" valign="top" width="411"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kitin, hemiselulose, musilage, pektin</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Frandson. 1993).</span></div> Berdasarkan lokasi gugus –C=O, monosakarida digolongkan menjadi 2 yaitu:<br />
• Aldosa (berupa aldehid)<br />
• Ketosa (berupa keton) (Nugroho, 2004).<br />
<br />
Berdasarkan jumlah atom C pada rantai, monosakarida digolongkan menjadi : Triosa (tersusun atas 3 atom C), Tetrosa (tersusun atas 4 atom C), Pentosa (tersusun atas 5 atom C), Heksosa (tersusun atas 6 atom C), Heptosa (tersusun atas 7 atom C), Oktosa (tersusun atas 3 atom C)<br />
Fungsi primer dari karbohidrat adalah sebagai cadangan energi jangka pendek (gula merupakan sumber energi). Fungsi sekunder dari karbohidrat adalah sebagai cadangan energi jangka menengah (pati untuk tumbuhan dan glikogen untuk hewan dan manusia). Fungsi lainnya adalah sebagai komponen struktural sel (Nugroho, 2004).<br />
B. PROTEIN<br />
Adalah molekul yang kompleks, berat molekulnya besar, yang terutama terdiri atas asam amino yang mengalami polimerisasi (gabungan) menjadi suatu rantai polipeptida. Rumus umum untuk asam amino ialah <br />
Protein meliputi lebih dari 50% bobot kering sebagian besar sel dan molekul ini sangat berguna sebagai alat bantu dalam hampir setiap hal yang dilakukan oleh organisme(Campbell, 1999).<br />
Protein dapat digolongkan menjadi protein sederhana, protein gabungan, dan protein derivat.<br />
• Protein sederhana: apabila dihidrolisa hanya akan menghasilkan asam-asam amino atau derivatnya saja. Macam-macam protein sederhana beserta contoh-contohnya adalah albumin, globulin, protamin, plolamin, histon, albuminoid.<br />
• Protein gabungan: terdiri atas protein sederhana yang bergabung dengan komponen yang bukan protein atau yang bukan asam amino, yang lazim disebut gugus prostetik. Contohnya: glicoprotein, lipoprotein, nukleoprotein, kromoprotein, metaloprotein, fosfoprotein.<br />
• Protein derivat adalah hasil pemecahan dari protein yang ada di alam, agar supaya dikurangi kompleksitasnya. Contohnya derivat protein primer, protein, metaprotein, protein koagulasi, derivat protein sekunder, protease, pepton, dan peptida (Frandson. 1993).<br />
Tiga tingkatan struktur yang saling berhimpitan pada protein:<br />
• Struktur primer: terdiri dari asam amino<br />
• Struktur sekunder: lilitan dan lipatan yang berulang pada segmen-segmen dalam rantai polipeptidanya.<br />
• Struktur tersier: Lapisan tumpang tindih diatas pola struktur sekunder<br />
• Struktur kuartener: keseluruhan struktur protein yang dihasilkan dari penggabungan semua unit polipeptida (Campbell et all. 1999).<br />
Asam amino terutama terdiri atas karbon, hidrogen, dan oksigen dalam konfigurasi yang bermacam-macam, ditambah satu atau dua buah gugus amino (NH2). Asam amino esensial adalah asam amino yang tidak dapat disentesa sama sekali oleh tubuh, kalaupun bisa tidak cukup cepat untuk dapat memenuhi guna pertumbuhan yang normal. Sedangkan asam amino non esensial dapat disentesa dalam jumlah cukup guna mendukung pertumbuhan yang normal (Frandson. 1993).<br />
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</style> <![endif]--> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel 2. Klasifikasi Asam amino berdasar pengaruhnya pada pertumbuhan tikus</span></i></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Esensial</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Non essensial</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arginin</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alanin</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Histidin</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asparagin</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Isoleusin</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asam Aspartat</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Leusin</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistein</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lisin</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistin</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mentionin</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asam Glutamat</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fenilalanin</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Glutamin</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Treonin</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Glisin</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Triptofan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hidroksiprolin</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Valin</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prolin</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;"> <td rowspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Serin</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tirosin</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Frandson. 1993).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel 3. </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Fungsi protein</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.1pt;" valign="top" width="139"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Jenis protein</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Fungsi</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 196.4pt;" valign="top" width="262"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Contoh</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.1pt;" valign="top" width="139"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Protein struktural</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Pendukung</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 196.4pt;" valign="top" width="262"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Serangga dan laba-laba menggunakan serat sutera, masing-masing untuk membentuk kokon dan sarangnya. Kolagen dan elastin menyediakan suatu struktur serat dalam jaringan ikat hewan, seperti tendon dan ligamen. Keratin adalah protein rambut, tanduk, bulu, dan tempelan lain pada kulit</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.1pt;" valign="top" width="139"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Protein simpanan/ cadangan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Cadangan asam amino</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 196.4pt;" valign="top" width="262"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Ovalbumin adalah protein pada putih telur yag digunakan sebagai sumber asam amino bagi embrio yang sedang berkembang. Kasein, protein susu, merupakan sumber utama asam amino untuk bayi mamalia. Tumbuhan memiliki protein cadangan dalam bijinya </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.1pt;" valign="top" width="139"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Protein transpor</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Mengangkut substansi lain</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 196.4pt;" valign="top" width="262"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Hemoglobin, protein yang mengandung besi dalam darah vertebrata mengangkut oksigen dari paru-paru ke bagian tubuh lain. Protein transpor lainnya mengangkut molekul melewati membran sel</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.1pt;" valign="top" width="139"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Protein hormonal</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Koordinasi aktivitas organisme</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 196.4pt;" valign="top" width="262"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Insulin, suatu hormon yang disekresi oleh pankreas, membantu mengatur konsentrasi gula dalam darah vertebrata</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.1pt;" valign="top" width="139"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Protein reseptor</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Respon sel terhadap rangsangan kimiawi</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 196.4pt;" valign="top" width="262"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Reseptor yang ada di dalam membran sel-sel saraf akan mendeteksi sinyal kimiawi yang dilepaskan oleh sel-sel saraf lainnya</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.1pt;" valign="top" width="139"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Protein kontraktil</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Pergerakan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 196.4pt;" valign="top" width="262"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Aktin dan miosin bertanggungjawab atas pergerakan otot. Protein kontraktil bertanggungjawab atas pergerakan atau getaran silia dan flagela yang menggerakan banyak sel</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.1pt;" valign="top" width="139"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Protein pertahanan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Perlindungan terhadap penyakit</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 196.4pt;" valign="top" width="262"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Antibodi menyerang bakteri dan virus</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.1pt;" valign="top" width="139"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Protein enzimatik</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Percepatan reaksi-reaksi kimiawi secara selektif</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 196.4pt;" valign="top" width="262"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Enzim pencernaan menghidrolisis polimer dalam makanan</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">(Campbell, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1999</span><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>C. LIPID<br />
Tidak larut air, tapi larut dalam pelarut organik aseton, benzen, khloroform. Asam lemak adalah asam karboksilat yg mempunyai rantai C panjang dengan rumus kimia:<br />
O<br />
<br />
R C OH<br />
R adalah rantai C jenuh/tak jenuh 4 – 24 atom C. Rantai C yang jenuh tidak terdapat ikatan rangkap. Rantai C yang tak jenuh terdapat ikatan rangkap 2, 3, yang terbentuk melalui pengeluaran atom hidrogen dari kerangka karbon. Asam lemak akan memiliki bentuk bengkok pada tempat di mana terdapat ikatan ganda.<br />
Lipid digolongkan menjadi lipid sederhana, lipid gabungan, serta lipid derivat.<br />
• Lipid sederhana adalah ester dari asam-asam lemah dan alkohol dan termasuk macam-macam lemak (ester asam lemak dan gliserol) dan wax (ester asam lemak dan alkohol selain gliserol).<br />
• Lipid gabungan: mengandung beberapa gugus selain alkohol dan asam lemak, seperti asam fosfor, nitogen dan karbohidrat<br />
• Lipid derivat merupakan senyawa yang dihasilkan oleh hidrolisa lipida sederhana ataupun lipida gabungan (Frandson. 1993).<br />
Terdapat beberapa jenis lipid yaitu:<br />
• Asam lemak, terdiri atas asam lemak jenuh (saturated fatty acid, tidak memiliki ikatan rangkap) dan asam lemak tak jenuh (unsaturated fatty acid, memiliki satu atau lebih ikatan rangkap)<br />
Asam lemak merupakan asam monokarboksilat rantai panjang. Rumus umum dari asam lemak adalah :<br />
CH3(CH2)nCOOH atau CnH2n+1-COOH<br />
Rentang ukuran dari asam lemak adalah C12 sampai dengan C24. Ada dua macam asam lemak yaitu: <br />
Asam lemak jenuh (saturated fatty acid)<br />
Asam lemak ini tidak memiliki ikatan rangkap<br />
Asam lemak tak jenuh (unsaturated fatty acid) <br />
Asam lemak ini memiliki satu atau lebih ikatan rangkap<br />
(Nugroho, 2004).<br />
• Gliserida, terdiri atas gliserida netral dan fosfogliserida<br />
Gliserida netral adalah ester antara asam lemak dengan gliserol. Fungsi dasar dari gliserida netral adalah sebagai simpanan energi (berupa lemak atau minyak). Setiap gliserol mungkin berikatan dengan 1, 2 atau 3 asam lemak yang tidak harus sama. Jika gliserol berikatan dengan 1 asam lemak disebut monogliserida, jika berikatan dengan 2 asam lemak disebut digliserida dan jika berikatan dengan 3 asam lemak dinamakan trigliserida. Trigliserida merupakan cadangan energi penting dari sumber lipid.<br />
Fosfogliserida (fosfolipid) adalah lipid yang mengandung gugus fosfat. Lemak termodifikasi ketika fosfat mengganti salah satu rantai asam lemak. <br />
Penggunaan fosfogliserida adalah sebagai komponen penyusun membran sel dan agen emulsi (Nugroho, 2004).<br />
• Lipid kompleks, terdiri atas lipoprotein dan glikolipid<br />
Lipid kompleks adalah kombinasi antara lipid dengan molekul lain. Contoh penting dari lipid kompleks adalah lipoprotein dan glikolipid.<br />
Lipoprotein<br />
Lipoprotein merupakan gabungan antara lipid dengan protein.<br />
Ada 4 klas mayor dari lipoprotein plasma yang masing-masing tersusun atas beberapa jenis lipid, yaitu :<br />
a. Kilomikron<br />
Kilomikron berfungsi sebagai alat transportasi trigliserid dari usus ke jaringan lain, kecuali ginjal<br />
b. VLDL (very low - density lypoproteins)<br />
VLDL mengikat trigliserid di dalam hati dan mengangkutnya menuju jaringan lemak<br />
c. LDL (low - density lypoproteins)<br />
LDL berperan mengangkut kolesterol ke jaringan perifer<br />
d. HDL (high - density lypoproteins)<br />
HDL mengikat kolesterol plasma dan mengangkut kolesterol ke hati (Nugroho, 2004).<br />
• Non gliserida, terdiri atas sfingolipid, steroid, kolesterol, dan malam<br />
Lipid jenis ini tidak mengandung gliserol. Jadi asam lemak bergabung dengan molekul-molekul non gliserol.<br />
Sifongolipid adalah fosfolipid yang tidak diturunkan dari lemak. Penggunaan primer dari sfingolipid adalah sebagai penyusun selubung mielin serabut saraf. Pada manusia, 25% dari lipid merupakan sfingolipid.<br />
Kolesterol<br />
Kolesterol merupakan jenis lipid yang menyusun membran plasma. Kolesterol juga menjadi bagian dari beberapa hormon. Kolesterol berhubungan dengan pengerasan arteri. Dalam hal ini timbul plaque pada dinding arteri, yang mengakibatkan peningkatan tekanan darah karena arteri menyempit, penurunan kemampuan untuk meregang. Pembentukan gumpalan dapat menyebabkan infark miokard dan stroke.<br />
Steroid<br />
Beberapa hormon reproduktif merupakan steroid, misalnya testosteron dan progesteron.<br />
Steroid lainnya adalah kortison. Hormon ini berhubungan dengan proses metabolisme karbohidrat, penanganan penyakit arthritis rematoid, asthma, gangguan pencernaan dan sebagainya.<br />
Malam/ lilin (waxes)<br />
Malam tidak larut di dalam air dan sulit dihidrolisis. Malam sering digunakan sebagai lapisan pelindung untuk kulit, rambut dan lain-lain. Malam merupakan ester antara asam lemak dengan alkohol rantai panjang (Nugroho, 2004).<br />
Fungsi lipid :<br />
• Sebagai penyusun struktur membran sel<br />
Dalam hal ini lipid berperan sebagai barier untuk sel dan mengatur aliran material-material.<br />
• Sebagai cadangan energi <br />
Lipid disimpan sebagai jaringan adiposa<br />
• Sebagai hormon dan vitamin<br />
Hormon mengatur komunikasi antar sel, sedangkan vitamin membantu regulasi proses-proses biologis (Nugroho, 2004).<br />
D. ASAM NUKLEAT<br />
Asam nukleat tersusun atas nukleotida-nukleotida sehingga merupakan polinukleotida. Satu nukleotida terdiri atas nukleosida dan fosfat (PO4-). Sedangkan nukleosida terdiri atas sebuah gula pentosa dan sebuah basa nitrogen (purin/pirimidin). Jadi nukleosida adalah nukleotida yang tanpa fosfat, sedangkan nukleotida adalah nukleosida+fosfat. (Pratiwi, 2008)<br />
Asam nukleat berperan dalam penyimpanan serta pemindahan informasi genetik Polimer nukleotida dihubungkan dgn ikatan fosfodiester (Campbell et all, 1999).<br />
Ada 2 macam yaitu asam deoksiribonukleat (DNA) dan asam ribonukleat (RNA)<br />
1. DNA<br />
STRUKTUR DNA<br />
Asam deoksiribonukleat yang merupakan molekul komplek yang dibentuk oleh 3 macam molekul yaitu:<br />
a. Gula pentosa (deoksiribosa);<br />
b. Fosfat (PO4-)<br />
c. Basa nitrogen, yaitu: <br />
• Purin: Guanin (G) dan Adenin (A)<br />
• Pirimidin: Timin (T) dan Citosin (C)<br />
Pada RNA, timin diganti dengan urasil (U)<br />
Struktur kimia DNA menurut Watson-Crick yang berupa tangga berpilin tersusun atas:<br />
• Gula dan fosfat sebagai induk tangga<br />
• Basa nitrogen, dengan pasangan tetapnya sebagai anak tangga:<br />
G dengan C dihubungkan oleh ikatan lemah 3 atom H (hidrogen).<br />
T dengan A dihubungkan oleh ikatan lemah 2 atom H (hidrogen)<br />
Fungsi DNA<br />
Membawa informasi genetik, mengontrol aktivitas baik langsung maupun tidak langsung, berperan dalam proses sintesis protein, membentuk RNA (Campbell et all, 1999).<br />
2. RNA<br />
Asam Ribonukleat (ribonucleic acid/RNA) adalah sebuah molekul yang terdiri dari banyak nukleotida nukleotida berbentuk seperti rantai. Tiap nukleotidanya terdiri dari satu gula ribosa (untuk RNA), satu gugus fosfat, dan salah satu dari basa-basa nitrogen berikut ini: adenin, guanin, sitosin, urasil. <br />
STRUKTUR RNA:<br />
RNA tersusun dari :<br />
• Gula pentose, yang dikenal dengan ribosa<br />
• Asam fosfat<br />
• Basa nitrogen yang dibedakan menjadi 2 tipe dasar : <br />
- Pirimidin dibedakan atas : sitosin( S ) dan urasil ( U )<br />
- Purin dibedakan atas : adenin ( A ) dan guanin ( G ) <br />
Molekul ARN dapat berbentuk pita tunggal atau pita double tetapi tidak berpilin spiral seperti pada molekul DNA. RNA berbentuk pita tunggal terdapat sebagai bahan genetik pada virus tumbuhan (TMV), virus hewan seperti virus influenza RNA yang terdiri dari pita doubel tapi tidak berpilin spiral terdapat sebagai bahan genetik pada beberapa virus tanaman <br />
Macam RNA berdasarkan fungsinya:<br />
1. ARN Duta atau Messenger RNA (mRNA)<br />
RNA-kurir atau mRNA (dari bahasa Inggris, messenger-RNA) adalah satu kelas RNA yang memiliki tugas utama menjadi "pembawa pesan" kode dari DNA kepada rRNA untuk "dibaca" dan selanjutnya diterjemahkan (translasi) menjadi urutan protein.<br />
2. RNA pemindah atau disingkat ARNp ( trasfer RNA )<br />
Adalah suatu polimer yang mengandung 75-95 nukleotida. t-RNA membawa asam amino yang spesifik yang dibutuhkan untuk membuat protein.t-RNA membawa asam amino bentuk aktif keribosom untuk membentuk ikatan peptida, sesuai urutan yang ditentukan oleh m-RNA.<br />
3. ARN ribosom atau disingkat ARNr (ribosomonal RNA)<br />
• Adalah suatu polimer yang mengandung 100-3100 nukleotida yang membentuk sebagian ribosom, granul protein- RNA yang berfungsi pada biosintesa protein. <br />
• RNA ribosom komponen utamanya adalah ribosom yang mempunyai peran katalitik dan srtuktural pada sintesis protein.<br />
FUNGSI RNA<br />
Sebagai penyimpan informasi genetik, Peran penting RNA terletak pada fungsinya sebagai perantara antara DNA dan protein dalam proses ekspresi genetik karena ini berlaku untuk semua organisme hidup, penelitian mutakhir atas fungsi RNA menunjukkan bukti yang mendukung atas teori ”dunia RNA”, yang menyatakan bahwa pada awal proses evolusi, RNA merupakan bahan genetik universal sebelum organisme hidup memakai DNA (Campbell et all, 1999).<br />
<br />
2. Bagaimana proses metabolisme protein?<br />
• Metobolisme Protein (Katabolisme)<br />
Degradasi protein (katabolisme) menghasilkan asam amino. Kemudian asam-asam amino itu dilepas gugus aminonya melalui deaminasi oksidatif di sel-sel hati dan menghasilkan asam keton. Asam keton kemudian masuk ke dalam siklus krebs guna pembentukan energi tatkala cadangan karbohidrat terpakai habis, atau dapat membentuk piruvat yang akhirnya membentuk glukose melalui glukoneogenesis. Atau dapat pula asam keton itu masuk ke dalam proses lipogenesis untuk membentuk lemak. Sebagai hasil deaminasi yang terjadi di dalam sel hati, dibentuk juga amonia (NH3), yang kemudian berperan dalam pembentukan urea. Seperti halnya dalam metabolisme karbohidrat dan lemak, metabolisme protein diatur oleh aktifitas relatif dari berbagai hormon (Frandson. 1993).<br />
• Sintesis Protein (Anabolisme)<br />
Aliran informasi genetik mengikuti dogma central (central dogma) dalam genetika. Dogma central merupakan konsep dasar sifat hereditas yang menentukan ciri-ciri spesifik suatu spesies, yaitu aliran informasi bahan genetik dari DNA ke urutan asam amino protein. Pada dogma genetik dikenal tiga proses, yaitu:<br />
• Proses replikasi: proses penggandaan bahan informasi genetik<br />
• Proses transkripsi: proses sintesis RNA dengan menggunakan DNA sebagai cetakan<br />
• Proses Translasi: proses penerjemahan kode genetik pada mRNA menjadi urutan asam amino dalam sintesis protein (Pratiwi. 2008).<br />
Replikasi DNA<br />
Satu molekul DNA heliks ganda di konversi menjadi dua molekul anak yang identik. Karena basa pada kedua rantai heliks ganda saling komplementer, maka satu rantai berfungsi sebagai cetakan bagi produksi satu rantai anak baru.<br />
Proses replikasi mula-mula berlangsung dengan bekerjanya enzim topoisomerase (girase) dengan mengendorkan lilitan DNA dupleks (rantai ganda). Enzim helikase memotong ikatan hidrogen antara basa-basa penyusun DNA sehingga lilitan rantai ganda DNA menjadi terbuka. Enzim single strand binding protein akan menstabilkan DNA untai tunggal yang terbentuk dengan menjaga agar basa-basa pada DNA untai tunggal tersebut tidak berpasangan lagi. Pada tahap ini terbentuk wujud serupa garpu (replication fork) pada lokasi awal replikasi, dan disebut dengan origin of replication.<br />
Pada tahap replikasi selanjutnya, enzim RNA primerase menyintesis RNA primer berupa potongan pendek RNA untuk mengawali sintesis, karena enzim DNA polimerase III yang berperan dalam polimerisasi DNA hanya dapat menambahkan RNA primer, kemudian bekerja dengan menambahkan nukleotida-nukleotida bebas yang terdapat di sitoplasma sehingga membentuk satu rantai DNA baru yang disebut untai penuntun (leading strand) karena disintesis secara kontinu oleh DNA polimerase III menghasulkan satu rantai yang lain disebut lagging strand (untai potongan). Disintesis dalam bentuk fragmen-fragmen pendek. Fragmen ini dikenal sebagai fragmen Okazaki.<br />
Replikasi berakhir saat enzim DNA polimerase I melepaskan RNA primer. DNA polimerase I juga mengkatalisis penyambungan antar fragmen DNA baru (pengisian gap). Penyambungan fragmen dilakukan dengan cara pematrian (sealing) dengan membentuk ikatan fosfodiester yang dikatalisis oleh enzim DNA ligase (Pratiwi.2008).<br />
Transkripsi DNA<br />
Transkripsi adalah sintesis RNA dari cetakan DNA. Terdapat tiga jenis RNA pembawa pesan (mesengger RNA, mRNA), RNA ribosomal (ribosomal RNA, rRNA), RNA transfer (transfer RNA, tRNA). RNA ribosomal merupakan bagian integral dari ribosom yang berfungsi bagi sintesis protein dalam sel. RNA transfer juga terlibat dalam sintesis protein. RNA pembawa pesan membawa informasi yang dikode untuk membuat protein spesifik dari DNA ke ribosom, tempat protein disintesis.<br />
Selama proses transkripsi, rantai mRNA disintesis menggunakan rantai DNA sebagai cetakan. Basa sitosin (C) pada DNA akan berpasangan dengan guanin (G) pada mRNA, demikian sebaliknya. Basa timin (T) pada DNA akan berpasangan dengan adenin (A) pada mRNA, namun basa adenin (A) pada DNA tidak berpasangan dengan timin pada RNA melainkan dengan urasil (U). Urasil mempunyai struktur kimia yang agak berbeda dengan timin namun berpasangan basa dengan cara yang sama.<br />
Proses transkripsi memerlukan enzim RNA polimerase yang berfungsi untuk mengkatalisis pembentukan rantai mRNA dari cetakan DNA (Pratiwi.2008).<br />
Translasi DNA<br />
Proses sintesis protein disebut translasi, karena pada proses ini terjadi proses penerjemahan bahasa asam nukleat pada mRNA yang disebut kodon menjadi bahasa protein. Kodon adalah kelompok tiga nukleotida (triplet) seperti halnya AGU, GGG, atau AAA. Setiap kodon mengkode asam amino tertentu.<br />
Terdapat 64 kodon dan 20 asam amino. Dari 64 triplet kodon dalam kode genetik dan 20 asam amino. Dari 64 triplet kodon dalam kode genetik, hanya 61 kodon yang dapat digunakan untuk membentuk ikatan peptida. Tiga buah kodon lainnya yaitu UAA, UAG, dan UGA merupakan kodon STOP dan tidak dapat mengkode asam amino. Ketiga kodon tersebut digunakan sebagai penanda berhentinya proses translasi. Kodon yang digunakan sebagai dimulainya proses translasi START adalah kodon UAG.<br />
Proses translasi berlangsung pada tapak translasi pada di ribosom. RNA transfer (tRNA) memiliki tapak antikodon yang merupakan sekuens tiga basa komplementer dengan kodon pada mRNA. Fungsi ribosom adalah sebagai tempat translasi dengan memperantarai pengikatan antikodon tRNA dengan kodon mRNA sehingga asam amino dapat dirakit (Pratiwi.2008).<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">III. Daftar Pustaka</span><br />
Campbell, Neil A; Jane B Reece; Lawrence G Mitchell. 1999.<i> Biologi Edisi 5 Jilid 1</i> . Erlangga: Jakarta<br />
Frandson, R D. 1993. <i>Anatomi dan Fisiologi Ternak</i>. Gadjah Mada University Press: Yogyakarta<br />
Nugroho, Heru Santoso Wahito. 2004. <i>Metabolisme Karbohidrat.</i> http://static.schoolrack.com/files/14204/34772/4-metabolisme_karbohidrat.doc. Diakses : 24 Oktober 2011<br />
Pratiwi, Sylvia T. 2008. <i>Mikrobiologi Farmasi.</i> Erlangga: Jakarta</div>Muhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10840615217552522658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1296415248306025992.post-16290039536869514452011-11-06T05:56:00.000-08:002011-11-06T05:56:04.356-08:00Tentang Kromosom<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-size: large;">I. Learning Objective</span><br />
1. Bagaimana struktur dan jenis kromosom?<br />
2. Bagaimana proses pembelahan meiosis?<br />
3. Bagaimana proses pembelahan mitosis?<br />
4. Apa saja abnormalitas kromosom?<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">II. Pembahasan</span><br />
1. Bagaimana struktur dan jenis kromosom?<br />
A. Struktur Kromosom<br />
Struktur kromosom terdiri atas:<br />
a. Kromonema : di dalam kromosom terdapat pita bentuk spiral.<br />
b. Kromomer : kromonema mempunyai penebalan penebalan di beberapa tempat, yang disebut kromomer. ( disebut juga bahan nukloprotein yang mengendap )<br />
c. Sentromer : bentuk kromosom ditentukan oleh letak sentromer , didalam sentromer terdapat granul kecil yang dinamakan sferul. Kromosom yang memiliki 1 sentromer disebut kromosom monosentrik, kromosom yang memiliki 2 sentromer dinamakan kromosom disentrik sedangkan yang memiliki banyak sentromer disebut kromosom polisentrik. Memisahkan kromosom menjadi dua bagian atau lengan. Lengan pendek dari kromosom disebut lengan p. Lengan yang panjang disebut lengan q.<br />
d. Lekukan kedua : dapat mempunyai peranan yakni menjadi tempat terbentuknya nucleolus<br />
e. Telomere : bagian dari ujung – ujung kromosom yang menghalang halangi bersambungnya kromosom satu dengan kromosom lainnya. <br />
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f. Satelit : bagian yang merupakan tambahan pada ujung kromosom. Tidak setiap kromosom memiliki satelit, kromosom yang memiliki satelit dinamakan kromosom satelit ( Suryo,2005).<br />
B. Jenis Kromosom<br />
Berdasarkan letak sentromer, kromosom dapat dibagi menjadi beberapa bentuk diantaranya :<br />
a. Metasentris, jika sentromer terletak pada median (ditengah-tengah) sentromer sehingga kromosom terbagi menjadi 2 bagian yang sama dan berbentuk seperti huruf V.<br />
b. Submetasentris, jika sentromer terletak submedian (kearah salah satu ujung kromosom) sehingga kromosom terbagi menjadi dua bagian lengan yang tidak sama panjangnya, dan berbentuk seperti huruf J.<br />
c. Akrosentris, apabila sentromer terletak subterminal (didekat ujung kromosom) sehinggga kromosom tidak membengkok melainkan lurus seperti batang, satu lengan kromosom sangat panjang sedang lengan yang lain sangat pendek.<br />
d. Telosentris, apabila sentromer terletak diujung kromosom, sehingga kromosom hanya memiliki satu lengan saja yang sangat panjang (Saladin, 2003)..<br />
<br />
2. Bagaimana proses pembelahan meiosis?<br />
1. Meiosis I<br />
a. Interfase I<br />
Meiosis didahului oleh interfase, dimana setiap kromosom mengalami proses replikasi. Proses ini menyerupai pada replikasi kromosom mitosis. Untuk setiap kromosom, setiap kromatid ( anak) menyerupai sifat genetik yang sama menambat pada sentromer. Ada sepasang sentriol (pada sel hewan) juga mengalami replikasi untuk membentuk dua pasang.<br />
b. Profase I<br />
Pasangan kromosom homolog dan terjadi crossing over atau recombination merupakan langkah yang unik dari meiosis. Kromosom yang berpasangan disebut Bivalent atau tetrads dimana mempunyai 2 kromosom dan 4 kromatid dengan satu kromosom dari masing Parent. <br />
Profase meiosis I dibagi atas 5 sub-tahap: leptoten, zigoten, pakiten, diloten, dan diakinesis.<br />
1) Leptoten adalah ketika kromatin terpilin menjadi kromosom. Terdapat 2 pasang kromosom homolog.<br />
2) Zigoten adalah ketika kromosom homolog mengandeng; sebelah berasal dari kromosom induk (kromosom matroklin) dan sebelah lain dari kromosom bapak (kromosom patroklin). Dibeberapa tempat terjadi persilangan (chiasma; jamak: chiasmata).<br />
3) Pakiten adalah kromosom homolog mengandeng rapat sepanjang lengannya, dari pangkal ke ujung terbentuk tetrade.<br />
4) Diploten, Setiap kromosom membelah longitudinal membentuk dua kromatid, sentromer masih satu terjadi chiasmata pada beberapa tempat natara kromatid homolog; dari chiasmata timbul crossing over.<br />
5) Diakinesis adalah kromosam (kromatid) mencapai pilinan maksimal, sehingga mencapai besar maksimal pula. Kromosom homolog merenggang, nukleus menghilang, selapu inti hancur, sentriol menganda dan setiap pasang menuju kutub berseberangan.<br />
c. Metafase I<br />
Selaput inti menghilang, serat gelondong terbentuk anatara kedua pasang sentriol, yang terdiri dari: mikrotubuli dan mikrofilia. Kromosom (berpasangan homolog) bergerak ke bidang ekuator.<br />
c. Anafase I<br />
Sel memanjang dari kutub ke kutub. Kromosom homolog berpisah ke kutub berseberangan dan kromatid belum terbentuk. Kromosom yang bersifat haploid akan terbentuk pada setiap kutub.<br />
d. Telofase I<br />
Selaput inti terbentuk kembali. Sepasang sentriol berada dipinggir luar selaput. Cytokinesis terjadi, sehingga sel induk menjadi sel anak. Gametosit I pada akhir meiosis I menjadi gametosit II.<br />
2. Meiosis II<br />
a. Profase II<br />
Masanya pendek sekali. Selaput inti hilang. Sentriol mengganda dan menuju ke kutub berseberangan inti. Kromatid disetiap kromosom belum terpisah. Sentromer masih satu.<br />
b. Metafase II<br />
Serat gelondong terbentuk antara pasangan sentriol. Kromosom (sepasang kromatid) yang menggatung pada serat gelondong lewat sentromer pindah ke bidang equator.<br />
c. Anafase II<br />
Sel memanjang dari kutub ke kutub menurut poros serat gelondong. Sentromer pada setiap pasangan kromatid membelah sehingga kromatid bersaudara lepas. Kromatid berpisah dan bergerak ke kutub berseberangan.<br />
d. Telofase II<br />
Kromatid terbuka kembali pilinannya, terlepas-lepas, menjadi jala halus: kromatin. Selaput inti terbentuk kembali. Nucleolus muncul, melekat pada kromatin. Terjadi sitokinesis, sehingga dari dua gametaosit II terbentuk 4 gametid. Gametid mengandung kromosom separuh dari sel induk, dari 2N pada gametosit I, menjadi 1N pada gametid. Dengan proses transformasi gametid nanti akan berubah menjadi gamet, yakni sel benih matang. <br />
Meiosis menghasilkan gamet yang mengandung bahan genetis yang:<br />
1. Separuh dari bahan gametogonium<br />
2. Bervariasi, karena terjadinya crossing over pada profase I (Siregar, Nirwana.dkk dan Yoni 2004).<br />
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</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 45.75pt; width: 612px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.7pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">perbedaan</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mitosis</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.7pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">miosis</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.7pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Interphase</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lama</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.7pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sebentar</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.7pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prophase</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebentar, tak ada sub-phase</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.7pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat 2x prophase; pada prophase I terdapat sub-phase</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.7pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terbentuknya kromosom</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Awal prophase</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.7pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertengahan prophase I (pakiten)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.7pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kromosom homolog</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak bergandeng</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.7pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bergandeng</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.7pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tetrad</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak terbentuk</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.7pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terbentuk</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.7pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metaphase (sentromernya)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terpisah</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.7pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terpisah saat metaphase II</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.7pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anaphase (kromatid)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pindah ke kutub yang bersebrangan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.7pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pindah saat anaphase II</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.7pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Telophase </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terbentuk 2 sel anakan dengan kromosom diploid</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.7pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terbentuk 2 sel anakan; haploid sat telophase I dan terbentuk 4 sel anakan; haploid saat telophase II</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.7pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Interkinesis</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak ada</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.7pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.7pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terjadi pada jaringan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Somatif dan germinatif</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.7pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Germinatif</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(Wildan Yatim, 2003).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>3. Bagaimana proses pembelahan mitosis?<br />
A. Siklus Hidup Sel<br />
Siklus hidup sel adalah periode dari reproduksi sel ke reproduksi sel berikutnya. Jika sel mamalia tidak dihambat dan bereproduksi secepat mungkin, siklus hidupnya mungkin sekitar 10-30 jam. Siklus sel diakhiri oleh mitosis yang menyebabkan pembelahan sel menjadi dua sel anakan baru. Tahap mitosis yang sebenarnya hanya sekitar 30 menit, lebih dari 95 persen dari siklus hidupnya adalah tenggang waktu yang disebut interfase. Faktor penghambat atau inhibitori hampir selalu memperlambat atau menghentikan siklus sel. Oleh karena itu, sel yang berbeda dari tubuh memiliki periode siklus hidup yang bervariasi, dari sel sumsum tulang yang selalu membelah, sampai sel saraf yang bertahan seumur hidup (Guyton & Hall, 2006). <br />
Siklus sel tersebut dibagi menjadi empat fase utama: G1, S, G2, dan M.<br />
G1 merupakan fase gap (fase antara) pertama, interval antara pembelahan sel dan replikasi DNA. Selama fase ini, sel menyintesis protein, tumbuh, dan melakukan tugasnya untuk tubuh. Sel pada fase G1 juga mulai melakukan replikasi sentriol untuk mempersiapkan pembelahan berikutnya dan mengumpulkan material yang dibutuhkan untuk replikasi DNA pada fase selanjutnya.<br />
S merupakan fase sintesis, yaitu ketika sel melakukan replikasi DNA, menghasilkan dua set molekul DNA identik, yang kemudian dibagikan pada dua sel anakan saat pembelahan.<br />
G2 merupakan fase gap kedua, memakan waktu lebih singkat antara replikasi DNA dan pembelahan sel. Pada G2, sel selesai mereplikasi sentriol dan menyintesis enzim yang mengatur pembelahan sel. Fase G1, S dan G2 secara keseluruhan disebut interfase, fase di antara fase M.<br />
M adalah fase mitosis, yaitu fase ketika sel mereplikasi nukleus dan terpisah menjadi dua untuk membentuk dua sel baru. <br />
Panjang siklus sel bervariasi dari tipe sel satu ke tipe sel lainnya. Beberapa sel juga ada yang menghentikan siklusnya untuk “beristirahat” dan berhenti membelah dalam waktu sehari, setahun, atau seumur hidup. Sel demikian disebut sel yang berada pada fase G0 (G-zero). Keseimbangan antara sel yang aktif bersiklus dengan sel pada fase G0 merupakan faktor penting untuk menentukan jumlah sel pada tubuh. Ketidakmampuan untuk menghentikan siklus dan memasuki G0 merupakan karakteristik sel kanker (Saladin, 2003).<br />
Replikasi kromosom berlangsung sekitar beberapa menit setelah replikasi DNA selesai. DNA baru mengumpulkan molekul protein secukupnya. Dua kromosom yang terbentuk masih melekat satu sama lain (sampai waktunya mitosis) pada titik yang disebut sentromer yang berlokasi di dekat pusat. Kromosom yang terduplikasi namun masih melekat disebut kromatid (Guyton & Hall, 2006).<br />
B. Mitosis<br />
Proses sel membelah menjadi dua sel baru disebut mitosis. Sekali setiap kromosom bereplikasi membentuk kromatid, pada kebanyakan sel, mitosis akan terjadi dengan sendirinya dalam waktu 1-2 jam (Guyton & Hall, 2006).<br />
Mitosis memiliki 4 fungsi utama:<br />
1. Membentuk embrio multiseluler dari sel telur yang difertilisasi.<br />
2. Pertumbuhan jaringan.<br />
3. Penggantian sel-sel yang tua dan sel mati.<br />
4. Perbaikan jaringan yang rusak.<br />
Sel telur dan sperma diproduksi dengan kombinasi dari mitosis dan bentuk pembelahan lain yang disebut meiosis. Semua sel pada tubuh diproduksi seluruhnya melalui mitosis. Empat fase mitosis telah dikenal: profase, metafase, anafase, dan telofase (Saladin, 2003).<br />
1. Profase<br />
Pada profase, yaitu permulaan mitosis, kromosom memendek dan memadat sehingga mudah didistribusikan ke sel anakan. Kromosom pada tahap ini berisi dua badan genetis identik yang disebut sister chromatids, bergabung bersama pada sentromer Pada saat profase, terdapat 2n kromosom, dua kromatid per kromosom, dan satu molekul DNA per kromatid. Selubung nukleus menghilang selama profase dan melepaskan kromosom ke sitosol. Sentriol mulai menumbuhkan mikrotubulus, yang mendorong sepasang sentriol sampai dua kutub sel. <br />
2. Metafase<br />
Kromosom berbaris secara acak pada garis tengah sel. Mikrotubulus tumbuh dari setiap sentriol dan beberapa menempel pada sentromer. Bentuk ini disebut spindel mitosis. Mikrotubulus menahan sentriol ke membran plasma terdekat.<br />
3. Anafase<br />
Setiap sentromer membelah menjadi dua dan kromatid memisah satu sama lain. Setiap kromatid sekarang merupakan kromosom yang berdiri sendiri. Dua kromosom anakan ini bermigrasi ke kutub sel yang berlawanan, dengan sentromer di ujung. Protein kompleks pada sentromer yang disebut kinetokor berperan sebaga motor molekuler yang mendorong kromosom sepanjang jalurnya. Salah satu dari kinetokor adalah protein dynein, suatu protein yang juga menyebabkan pergerakan pada silia dan flagela.<br />
4. Telofase<br />
Kromosom berkumpul pada kedua sisi sel. Retikulum endoplasma kasat memproduksi selubung nukleus baru yang mengelilingi setiap kumpulan kromosom, dan kromosom mulai terurai dan kembali ke bentuk kromatin. Spindel mitosis menghilang. Setiap nukleus yang baru akan membentuk nukleoli, mengindikasikan telah siap membuat RNA dan menyiapkan sintesis protein.<br />
Telofase adalah akhir dari pembelahan inti, tetapi dilengkapi dengan sitokinesis (pembelahan sitoplasma). Sitokinesis terjadi dengan protein motor myosin yang menarik mikrofilamen aktin pada kerangka membran. Peristiwa ini menghasilkan alur pembelahan di sepanjang ekuator sel, dan sel secepatnya membelah menjadi dua. Interfase kemudian dimulai pada sel baru (Saladin, 2003).<br />
Aktivasi dan inhibisi pada pembelahan sel merupakan subjek penelitian untuk penanganan kanker dan perbaikan jaringan. Sel akan membelah jika:<br />
1. Telah cukup besar dan memiliki sitoplasma yang cukup untuk dibagikan ke dua sel anakan.<br />
2. Telah mereplikasi DNA, sehingga dapat memberikan duplikat gen pada setiap sel anakan.<br />
3. Menerima nutrisi yang cukup.<br />
4. Dirangsang oleh faktor pertumbuhan, sinyal kimia yang disekresikan keping darah, sel ginjal, dan sumber lain.<br />
5. Sel tetangganya mati, membuka ruang pada jaringan untuk membuat sel baru.<br />
Sel akan berhenti membelah ketika nutrisi atau faktor pertumbuhan tidak ada, atau jika sel tersebut bersinggungan secara penuh pada sel-sel tetangga. Penghentian pembelahan sel dalam respon kontak/bersinggungan dengan sel lainnya disebut contact inhibition (Saladin, 2003).<br />
<br />
4. Apa saja abnormalitas kromosom?<br />
A. Kelainan Jumlah Kromosom<br />
1. Aneuploidi<br />
Jika kehilangan kromosom, akan terjadi monosomi dan adanya kromosom tambahan sehingga terjadi trisomi. Kedua bentuk ini memiliki kromosom lebih dari 2n, kondisi ini juga disebut aneuploidi (Yunani: “duplikasi yang tidak baik”). Yang bertanggung jawab terhadap kehadiran mono-trisomi adalah non-disjungsi pada gametogenetis proses meiosis.<br />
Selama spermato/oogenesis, gamet dengan kromosom tambahan dan juga dengan kromosom yang hilang dapat terbentuk. Kelainan ini terjadi pada saat disjungsi pada pembelahan meiosis pertama atau meiosis kedua (Anonim, 2010)<br />
2. Euploidi<br />
Euploidi adalah suatu perubahan jumlah kromosom yang berupa perubahan kelipatan jumlah kromosom dari jumlah kromosom diploid (2n) sehingga menjadi triploid (3n), tetraploid (4n), pentaploid (5n) dan seterusnya (Tuti, 2010).<br />
a. Autopoliploid<br />
Yaitu apabila jumlah kromosom suatu individu dilipatgandakan dengan zat mutagenik (misalnya: kolkhisin) atau perlakuan khusus (kejutan suhu dan tekanan). Contohnya tanaman tomat (2n) diberi perlakuan kolkhisin menjadi tomat tetraploid (4n).<br />
b. Allopoliploid<br />
Yaitu merupakan hibridisasi (persilangan) antara dua spesies yang berlainan tetapi masih mempunyai hubungan kekerabatan yang dekat. Hibrid interspesifik yang dihasilkan akan steril, sehingga jumlah kromosomnya harus dilipatgandakan agar fertil. Dengan demikian dari proses ini akan dihadirkan spesies baru. Pada alloploid, genom-genom yang berbeda bersatu melalui hibridisasi (Tuti, 2010).<br />
B. Kelainan Struktur Kromosom<br />
Kelainan struktural kromosom merupakan hasil dari putusnya kromosom yang terjadi selama meiosis. Delesi, duplikasi, dan pembentukkan isokromosom akan mengakibatkan abnormalitas fenotipe, sedangkan insersi, inversi, dan translokasi dapat diseimbangkan. <br />
1. Delesi<br />
Delesi dapat terjadi pada setiap kromosom dalam berbagai ukuran. Konsekuensi delesi tergantung dari ukuran segmen yang menghilang dan gen apa yang ikut hilang. Delesi parsial pada lengan pendek (p) dari kromosom 5 mengakibatkan sindrom cri du chat (gambar 4).<br />
Ujung kromosom (telomer) dapat putus dan menghilang. Kasus ini disebut pembentukkan cincin kromosom yang bertempat pada dua ujung yang saling menempel. Jika tidak ada informasi genetik yang hilang, maka perubahan fenotipe tidak begitu terlihat. Masalah hanya terjadi pada saat pembentukkan gamet. <br />
2. Duplikasi<br />
Duplikasi kromosom merupakan penggandaan bagian kromosom. Seringkali dinamakan sebagai trisomi parsial. <br />
3. Isokromosom<br />
Pembentukkan isokromosom jarang terjadi, terjadinya terutama pada kromosom X. Kromosom tidak membelah secara memanjang, tetapi melintang. Hasil dari isokromosom yaitu adanya dua lengan yang pendek atau dua lengan panjang. Fenotip dari orang yang memiliki isokromosom mirip dengan sindrom Turner.<br />
4. Insersi<br />
Insersi terjadi jika bagian kromosom menyisipi kromosom pada bagian lain. Karena tidak ada informasi genetik yang hilang, maka kelainan secara fenotipe tidak terlihat.<br />
5. Inversi<br />
Jika ada bagian kromosom yang patah kemudian masuk kembali, namun terbalik, maka terjadilah inversi. Fenotipe dari kelainan ini biasanya tidak menunjukkan keanehan, karena informasi pada kromosom masih ada. Jika yang berpindah termasuk sentromernya maka disebut inversi perisentrik, lawannya disebut inversi parasentrik (Anonim, 2010).<br />
6. Chimera<br />
Adalah hewan yang memiliki populasi sel dari spesies berbeda, yaitu sel dengan karyotipe berbeda yang berasal dari 2 atau lebih zigot dengan karyotipe berbeda. Contohnya adalah Freemartin yang merupakan chimera XX:XY. Freemartin adalah contoh abnormalitas kromosom pada sapi dan tergolong chimera sekunder. Chimera primer terjadi jika 2 sperma memfertilisasi ovum yang sama.<br />
Contoh lain adalah betina mule yang fertil. Mule memiliki sifat campuran antara kromosom kuda dengan keledai, dan digolongkan sebagai chimera daripada hybrid. Selain itu ada chimera domba-kambing yang dapat melangsungkan siklus estrus, menghasilkan ovum fertil, dan bunting dengan sempurna. Istilah chimera juga digunakan untuk menjelaskan organisme yang memiliki DNA asing di dalam genomnya (Boden, 2005).<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">III. Daftar Pustaka</span><br />
Anonim. 2010. <i>Deviating Chromosome Number or Structure.</i> www.embryology.ch/anglais/kchromaber/ abweichende01.html. Diakses tanggal 19 Oktober 2011<br />
Boden, E. 2005. <i>Black's Veterinary Dictionary. </i>London: A & C Black<br />
Guyton, A. C., & Hall, J. E. 2006. <i>Textbook of Medical Physiology</i>. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders<br />
Saladin. 2003. <i>Anatomy and Physiology:</i> The Unity Form and Function, Third Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill<br />
Siregar, Nirwana. Dkk. - .<i>Biologi Kedokteran Biologi Reproduksi & Embryology</i>. Departemen Biologi Fakultas Kedokteran UPN “Veteran” Jakarta. <br />
Suryo. 2005. <i>Genetik Manusia.</i> Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta. <br />
Tuti, A. 2010. <i>Perubahan Jumlah dan Struktur Kromosom</i>. Materi Kuliah Pengantar Tanggal 20 Oktober 2010. Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan UGM Yogyakarta<br />
Yatim, Wildan. 2003. <i>Genetika.</i> Penerbit Tarsito: Bandung.<br />
Yoni. 2004. <i>Biologi Sel dan Molekuler</i>. JICA: Yogyakarta.<br />
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</div>Muhammad Nuriy Nuha Naufalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10840615217552522658noreply@blogger.com0